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Neto PM, Nogueira DES, Hashimura Y, Jung S, Pedras B, Berberan-Santos MN, Palmeira T, Lee B, Cabral JMS, Geraldes V, Rodrigues CAV. Characterization of the Aeration and Hydrodynamics in Vertical-Wheel™ Bioreactors. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080386. [PMID: 36004911 PMCID: PMC9405225 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the oxygen transport and hydrodynamic flow of the PBS Vertical-Wheel MINI™ 0.1 bioreactor were characterized using experimental data and computational fluid dynamics simulations. Data acquired from spectroscopy-based oxygenation measurements was compared with data obtained from 3D simulations with a rigid-lid approximation and LES-WALE turbulence modeling, using the open-source software OpenFOAM-8. The mass transfer coefficients were determined for a range of stirring speeds between 10 and 100 rpm and for working volumes between 60 and 100 mL. Additionally, boundary condition, mesh refinement, and temperature variation studies were performed. Lastly, cell size, energy dissipation rate, and shear stress fields were calculated to determine optimal hydrodynamic conditions for culture. The experimental results demonstrate that the kL can be predicted using Sh=1.68Re0.551Sc13G1.18, with a mean absolute error of 2.08%. Using the simulations and a correction factor of 0.473, the expression can be correlated to provide equally valid results. To directly obtain them from simulations, a partial slip boundary condition can be tuned, ensuring better near-surface velocity profiles or, alternatively, by deeply refining the mesh. Temperature variation studies support the use of this correlation for temperatures up to 37 °C by using a Schmidt exponent of 1/3. Finally, the flow was characterized as transitional with diverse mixing mechanisms that ensure homogeneity and suspension quality, and the results obtained are in agreement with previous studies that employed RANS models. Overall, this work provides new data regarding oxygen mass transfer and hydrodynamics in the Vertical-Wheel bioreactor, as well as new insights for air-water mass transfer modeling in systems with low interface deformation, and a computational model that can be used for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Neto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB —Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo E. S. Nogueira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB —Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bruno Pedras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB —Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário N. Berberan-Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB —Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB —Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitor Geraldes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- CeFEMA—Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (C.A.V.R.)
| | - Carlos A. V. Rodrigues
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- iBB —Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (C.A.V.R.)
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Martins PAT, Domingues N, Pires C, Alves AM, Palmeira T, Samelo J, Cardoso R, Velazquez-Campoy A, Moreno MJ. Molecular crowding effects on the distribution of amphiphiles in biological media. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:319-325. [PMID: 31071572 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems are the result of the interactions established among their many distinct molecules and molecular assemblies. The high concentration of small molecules dissolved in the aqueous media alter the water properties with important consequences in the interactions established. In this work, the effects of high concentrations of the disaccharide trehalose on the solubility of a homologous series of fluorescent amphiphiles (NBD-Cn, n=4-16) and on their interaction with a lipid bilayer and a serum protein are quantitatively characterized. Both kinetic and equilibrium aspects are reported for a better understanding of the effects observed. The aqueous solubility of the most hydrophobic amphiphiles (n ≥ 8) is strongly increased by 1 M trehalose, while no signifcant effect is observed for the most polar amphiphile (n = 4). This results from a decrease in the magnitude of the hydrophobic effect at molecular crowding conditions. A small decrease is observed on the equilibrium association with serum albumin. This is most significant for amphiphiles with longer alkyl chains, in agreement with their increased solubility in the aqueous media containing trehalose. The effects on the association of the amphiphiles with lipid bilayers are influenced by both equilibrium and kinetic aspects. On the one hand, the decreased magnitude of the hydrophobic effect leads to a decrease in the affinity of the amphiphiles towards the membrane. However, this tendency may be overbalanced by the effects on the kinetics of the interaction (insertion/desorption) due to the increase in the viscosity of the aqueous media. It is shown that the distribution of amphiphilic drugs in the crowded biological media is significantly different from that predicted from studies in dilute solutions and that the effects are dependent on the solute's hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A T Martins
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Neuza Domingues
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal; CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Pires
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Alves
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Palmeira
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal; CQFM-IN and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jaime Samelo
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renato Cardoso
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal; Exogenus Therapeutics S.A, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units IQFR-CSIC-BIFI and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Fundacion ARAID, Government of Aragon, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria João Moreno
- CQC-Biological Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department FCTUC, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Palmeira T, Miranda AS, Marcos PM, Berberan-Santos MN. Calixarenes as High Temperature Matrices for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: C 70 in Dihomooxacalix[4]arene. Molecules 2018; 23:E558. [PMID: 29498664 PMCID: PMC6017425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) of 12C70 and 13C70 was observed up to 140 °C in a p-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene solid matrix, a temperature range significantly higher than that of previous TADF quantitative studies. An effective singlet-triplet energy gap of 29 kJ/mol and triplet formation quantum yields of 0.97 and 0.99 were measured for 12C70 and 13C70, respectively. The photophysical properties of the two fullerenes in this new matrix are comparable to those obtained in polystyrene at a lower temperature range. Calixarenes are proposed to be suitable matrices for high temperature TADF studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Palmeira
- CQFM-IN and IBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandre S Miranda
- CQFM-IN and IBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paula M Marcos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mário N Berberan-Santos
- CQFM-IN and IBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Dias FB, Santos J, Graves DR, Data P, Nobuyasu RS, Fox MA, Batsanov AS, Palmeira T, Berberan‐Santos MN, Bryce MR, Monkman AP. The Role of Local Triplet Excited States and D-A Relative Orientation in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Photophysics and Devices. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2016; 3:1600080. [PMID: 27981000 PMCID: PMC5157178 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here, a comprehensive photophysical investigation of a the emitter molecule DPTZ-DBTO2, showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), with near-orthogonal electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) units is reported. It is shown that DPTZ-DBTO2 has minimal singlet-triplet energy splitting due to its near-rigid molecular geometry. However, the electronic coupling between the local triplet (3LE) and the charge transfer states, singlet and triplet, (1CT, 3CT), and the effect of dynamic rocking of the D-A units about the orthogonal geometry are crucial for efficient TADF to be achieved. In solvents with low polarity, the guest emissive singlet 1CT state couples directly to the near-degenerate 3LE, efficiently harvesting the triplet states by a spin orbit coupling charge transfer mechanism (SOCT). However, in solvents with higher polarity the emissive CT state in DPTZ-DBTO2 shifts below (the static) 3LE, leading to decreased TADF efficiencies. The relatively large energy difference between the 1CT and 3LE states and the extremely low efficiency of the 1CT to 3CT hyperfine coupling is responsible for the reduction in TADF efficiency. Both the electronic coupling between 1CT and 3LE, and the (dynamic) orientation of the D-A units are thus critical elements that dictate reverse intersystem crossing processes and thus high efficiency in TADF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Santos
- Physics DepartmentDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- IMDEA NanocienciaC/Faraday, 9Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - David R. Graves
- Physics DepartmentDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Przemyslaw Data
- Physics DepartmentDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- Faculty of ChemistrySilesian University of TechnologyM. Strzody 944‐100GliwicePoland
| | | | - Mark A. Fox
- Chemistry DepartmentDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | - Tiago Palmeira
- Centro de Quimica‐Fisica MolecularInstituto Superior Tecnico1049‐001LisboaPortugal
| | | | - Martin R. Bryce
- Chemistry DepartmentDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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Filipe HAL, Bowman D, Palmeira T, Cardoso RMS, Loura LMS, Moreno MJ. Interaction of NBD-labelled fatty amines with liquid-ordered membranes: a combined molecular dynamics simulation and fluorescence spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:27534-47. [PMID: 26426766 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A complete homologous series of fluorescent 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-(NBD) labelled fatty amines of varying alkyl chain lengths, NBD-Cn, inserted in 1-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) or N-palmitoyl sphingomyelin (SpM) bilayers, with 50 mol% and 40 mol% cholesterol (Chol), respectively, was studied using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. For all amphiphiles in both bilayers, the NBD fluorophore locates at the interface, in a more external position than that previously observed for pure POPC bilayers. This shallower location of the NBD group agrees with the lower fluorescent quantum yield, shorter fluorescence lifetime, and higher ionisation constants (smaller pKa) determined experimentally. The more external location is also consistent with the changes measured in steady-state fluorescence anisotropy from POPC to POPC/Chol (1 : 1) vesicles. Accordingly, the equilibrium location of the NBD group within the various bilayers is mainly dictated by bilayer compositions, and is mostly unaffected by the length of the attached alkyl chain. Similarly to the behaviour observed in POPC bilayers, the longer-chained NBD-Cn amphiphiles show significant mass density near the mixed bilayers' midplanes, and the alkyl chains of the longer derivatives, mainly NBD-C16, penetrate the opposite bilayer leaflet to some extent. However, this effect is quantitatively less pronounced in these ordered bilayers than in POPC. Similarly to POPC bilayers, the effects of these amphiphiles on the structure and dynamics of the host lipid were found to be relatively mild, in comparison with acyl-chain phospholipid analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A L Filipe
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Largo D. Dinis, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Mesquita LM, André V, Esteves CV, Palmeira T, Berberan-Santos MN, Mateus P, Delgado R. Dinuclear Zinc(II) Macrocyclic Complex as Receptor for Selective Fluorescence Sensing of Pyrophosphate. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2212-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lígia M. Mesquita
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Catarina V. Esteves
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Pedro Mateus
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Delgado
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Palmeira T, Fedorov A, Berberan-Santos MN. Influence of excited-state absorption on time-resolved luminescence: general formalism and application to the phosphorescence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:640-8. [PMID: 25504481 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The luminescence decay of a species in an absorbing medium whose optical thickness changes with time, as occurs with triplet-triplet absorption following excitation cut-off, is studied theoretically and experimentally. A general luminescence decay function based on a distribution of optical thicknesses is presented. A simple decay function previously used empirically is shown to result from an exponential distribution of optical thicknesses. The general approach introduced allows the adequate description of the phosphorescence decays of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, coronene and triphenylene (normal and perdeuterated forms for both molecules), in polymer films in the presence of excited-state absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Palmeira
- CQFM-Centro de Química-Física Molecular and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa (Portugal)
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Palmeira T, Fedorov A, Berberan-Santos MN. Temperature dependence of the phosphorescence and of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence of12C70and13C70in amorphous polymer matrices. Is a second triplet involved? Methods Appl Fluoresc 2014; 2:035002. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/2/3/035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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