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Fountain K, Blackett T, Butler H, Carchedi C, Schilling AK, Meredith A, Gibbon MJ, Lloyd DH, Loeffler A, Feil EJ. Fatal exudative dermatitis in island populations of red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris): spillover of a virulent Staphylococcus aureus clone (ST49) from reservoir hosts. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000565. [PMID: 34016250 PMCID: PMC8209723 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal exudative dermatitis (FED) is a significant cause of death of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands where it is associated with a virulent clone of Staphylococcus aureus, ST49. S. aureus ST49 has been found in other hosts such as small mammals, pigs and humans, but the dynamics of carriage and disease of this clone, or any other lineage in red squirrels, is currently unknown. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize 228 isolates from healthy red squirrels on Jersey, the Isle of Arran (Scotland) and Brownsea Island (England), from red squirrels showing signs of FED on Jersey and the Isle of Wight (England) and a small number of isolates from other hosts. S. aureus was frequently carried by red squirrels on the Isle of Arran with strains typically associated with small ruminants predominating. For the Brownsea carriage, S. aureus was less frequent and involved strains associated with birds, small ruminants and humans, while for the Jersey carriage S. aureus was rare but ST49 predominated in diseased squirrels. By combining our data with publicly available sequences, we show that the S. aureus carriage in red squirrels largely reflects frequent but facile acquisitions of strains carried by other hosts sharing their habitat ('spillover'), possibly including, in the case of ST188, humans. Genome-wide association analysis of the ruminant lineage ST133 revealed variants in a small number of mostly bacterial-cell-membrane-associated genes that were statistically associated with squirrel isolates from the Isle of Arran, raising the possibility of specific adaptation to red squirrels in this lineage. In contrast there is little evidence that ST49 is a common carriage isolate of red squirrels and infection from reservoir hosts such as bank voles or rats, is likely to be driving the emergence of FED in red squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Fountain
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tiffany Blackett
- Voluntary Co-ordinator of the JSPCA Animals' Shelter Red Squirrel Disease Surveillance Scheme, JSPCA Animals' Shelter, 89 St Saviours Road, St Helier, Jersey JE2 4GJ, Jersey
| | - Helen Butler
- Wight Squirrel Project, PO Box 33 Nicholson Road, Ryde, Isle of Wight PO33 1BH, UK
| | - Catherine Carchedi
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anna-Katarina Schilling
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Marjorie J. Gibbon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David H. Lloyd
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Edward J. Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bates
- Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS); Mary Sheridan House, 13 St Thomas Street London SE1 9RY
| | - Tiffany Blackett
- Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS); Mary Sheridan House, 13 St Thomas Street London SE1 9RY
| | - Nick Edwards
- Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS); Mary Sheridan House, 13 St Thomas Street London SE1 9RY
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Simpson V, Hargreaves J, Butler H, Blackett T, Stevenson K, McLuckie J. Leprosy in red squirrels on the Isle of Wight and Brownsea Island. Vet Rec 2015; 177:206-207. [PMID: 28319925 DOI: 10.1136/vr.h4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vic Simpson
- Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Chacewater, Cornwall TR4 8PB, e-mail:
| | | | - Helen Butler
- Wight Squirrel Project, PO Box 33, Ryde, Isle of Wight PO33 1BH
| | - T Blackett
- Jersey Red Squirrel Disease Surveillance Scheme, JSPCA Animals' Shelter, 89 St Saviours Road, St Helier, Jersey JE2 4JG
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Joyce McLuckie
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ
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Everest DJ, Butler H, Blackett T, Simpson VR, Shuttleworth CM. Adenovirus infection in red squirrels in areas free from grey squirrels. Vet Rec 2013; 173:199-200. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.f5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Everest
- AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - H. Butler
- Wight Squirrels Project; PO Box 33, Nicholson Road, Ryde Isle of Wight PO33 1BH
| | - T. Blackett
- JSPCA Animals' Shelter; 89 St Saviours Road St Helier Jersey JE2 4GJ
| | - V. R. Simpson
- Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre; Chacewater Truro Cornwall TR4 8BP
| | - C. M. Shuttleworth
- Red Squirrels Trust Wales; Plas Newydd Country House Llanfairpwll Anglesey LL61 6DQ
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Simpson S, Blampied N, Peniche G, Dozières A, Blackett T, Coleman S, Cornish N, Groombridge JJ. Genetic structure of introduced populations: 120-year-old DNA footprint of historic introduction in an insular small mammal population. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:614-28. [PMID: 23532702 PMCID: PMC3605850 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife populations have been introduced to new areas by people for centuries, but this human-mediated movement can disrupt natural patterns of genetic structure by altering patterns of gene flow. Insular populations are particularly prone to these influences due to limited opportunities for natural dispersal onto islands. Consequently, understanding how genetic patterns develop in island populations is important, particularly given that islands are frequently havens for protected wildlife. We examined the evolutionary origins and extent of genetic structure within the introduced island population of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on the Channel Island of Jersey using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence and nuclear microsatellite genotypes. Our findings reveal two different genetic origins and a genetic architecture reflective of the introductions 120 years ago. Genetic structure is marked within the maternally inherited mtDNA, indicating slow dispersal of female squirrels. However, nuclear markers detected only weak genetic structure, indicating substantially greater male dispersal. Data from both mitochondrial and nuclear markers support historic records that squirrels from England were introduced to the west of the island and those from mainland Europe to the east. Although some level of dispersal and introgression across the island between the two introductions is evident, there has not yet been sufficient gene flow to erase this historic genetic "footprint." We also investigated if inbreeding has contributed to high observed levels of disease, but found no association. Genetic footprints of introductions can persist for considerable periods of time and beyond traditional timeframes of wildlife management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Simpson
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
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Abstract
AIM This study aimed to explore how different groups of participants perceived the concept of advanced nursing practice in Jordan. BACKGROUND In Jordan, there are postgraduate educational programmes offering a Master's degree in clinical nursing for registered nurses. Intended to prepare nurses to practise at an advanced level as potential clinical nurse specialists in critical care, community health nursing and maternal newborn nursing, little was known prior to this study about the development of advanced nursing roles for nurses in Jordan and the drivers behind their establishment. METHODS Using ethnographic design, narratives from semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation with participants from five Jordanian hospitals and two public universities were collected and analysed according to thematic analysis. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Four themes emerged from the data: core competencies, specific practice area vs. generic practice, beneficiaries of advanced nursing practice and drivers for educational change. The findings are similar to those found in other countries and highlight the need for a consensual understanding between nurse educationalists, professional bodies and employers about what advanced nursing practice in Jordan should be, so that a common framework can be identified. CONCLUSION Paralleling the lack of consistency in understanding of advanced nursing practice in the broader literature, participants described a number of different elements of advanced practice that are relevant to the specific context of contemporary Jordanian nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zahran
- King's College London, Department of Specialist Care, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, London, UK.
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Everest DJ, Stidworthy MF, Milne EM, Meredith AL, Chantrey J, Shuttleworth C, Blackett T, Butler H, Wilkinson M, Sainsbury AW. Retrospective detection by negative contrast electron microscopy of faecal viral particles in free-living wild red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris
) with suspected enteropathy in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2010; 167:1007-10. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Everest
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - M. F. Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group; Keighley Business Centre; South Street Keighley West Yorkshire BD21 1AG
| | - E. M. Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - A. L. Meredith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - J. Chantrey
- Wildlife Infectious Diseases Group; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - C. Shuttleworth
- Red Squirrel Survival Trust, Hamilton House; Mabledon Place London WC1H 9BB
| | - T. Blackett
- JSPCA Animals' Shelter; 89 St Saviours Road St Helier Jersey JE2 4GJ
| | - H. Butler
- Wight Squirrel Project; PO Box 33 Ryde Isle of Wight PO33 1BH
| | - M. Wilkinson
- Northumberland Wildlife Trust; Garden House, St Nicholas Park, Gosforth Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 3XT
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Simpson VR, Hargreaves J, Everest DJ, Baker AS, Booth PA, Butler HM, Blackett T. Mortality in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) associated with exudative dermatitis. Vet Rec 2010; 167:59-63. [PMID: 20622205 DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) found dead or dying on the Isle of Wight and the island of Jersey were suffering from exudative, ulcerative dermatitis and superficial staphylococcal pyoderma. The principal gross lesions were on the lips, eyelids and feet and showed similarities to those of squirrelpox. The histopathological lesions were also similar and, although there was no ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells, intracytoplasmic inclusions resembling those seen in poxvirus infections were present. Examination of lesions by electron microscopy failed to identify any virions, and PCR analysis for squirrelpox virus proved negative. The skin lesions also resembled those of mange, but although numerous mites were present in the fur these were mostly Dermacarus sciurinus with small numbers of Metalistrophorus pagenstecheri. The occurrence of these species on red squirrels in Britain is confirmed, but neither is pathogenic and they were not considered to have been involved in the pathogenesis of the dermatitis, the primary cause of which was not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Simpson
- Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Chacewater, Truro, Cornwall TR4 8PB.
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Nevin J, Laing D, Kaye P, McCulloch T, Barnard R, Silcocks P, Blackett T, Paterson M, Sharp F, Cruse P. The significance of Erb-b2 immunostaining in cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 73:354-8. [PMID: 10366459 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between survival and erb-b2 immunohistochemical staining in patients with early stage cervical carcinoma. METHODS Archival specimens for 126 patients with stage IB/IIA cervical carcinoma treated with radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic node dissection (RH-BPND) were retrieved and submitted to immunohistochemistry for ERBB2 expression. The association between positive results and poor survival was assessed in a multivariate analysis. RESULTS Erb-b2 immunostaining was significantly associated with poor survival (P = 0.0284) but less so than parametrial extension (P = 0.0014) and nodal disease (P = 0.0106). Tumor type (squamous/adenosquamous/adenocarcinoma) and the status of surgical margins were not significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS These results supported further investigations of ERBB2 expression as a marker of high-risk disease in patients treated with RH-BPND.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nevin
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Blackett T, Sharp F. Conclusions and recommendations from the Helene Harris Memorial Trust Fourth Biennial International Forum on Ovarian Cancer 11-14 May 1993, Toronto, Canada. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1994; 4:135-143. [PMID: 11578397 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.1994.04020135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Helene Harris Memorial Trust organizes biennial international meetings of leading clinicians and scientists to discuss progress in the understanding and treatment of ovarian cancer. The conclusions of this meeting, together with recommendations for future research are published as a guide to others working in this field. The 107 conclusions and recommendations presented cover the full range of current topics in ovarian cancer research including the biology of early and borderline tumors, the relationship of benign to malignant tumors, in vitro models, the role of cytokines, genetic epidemiology, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, allele loss, localization of the BRCA1 gene, DNA ploidy in prognosis, the therapeutic use of interferon, platinum and taxoid drugs, screening with panels of tumor antigensm immunotherapy and potenial for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Blackett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sheffield Clinical Sciences Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
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