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Jackson TR, Oliver M, Appledorn D, Dale T, Barnes K. Abstract 3084: Label-free, real-time live cell assays for 3D organoids embedded in Matrigel®. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organoid technologies are increasingly being used as in-vitro models of human development and disease as they exhibit structural, morphogenetic, and functional properties that recapitulate in vivo pathophysiology. To successfully use these models across a variety of research disciplines and applications, approaches that reduce variability and technology pipelines to image & quantify these complex cell models are required. Here, we demonstrate simple, robust workflows for monitoring and automatically quantifying features, such as morphology, growth and death of organoids using real time live cell analysis. To quantitatively optimize and characterize organoid cultures in-vitro, mouse hepatic, intestinal and pancreatic organoids were embedded in Matrigel® domes (50% or 100%) in 24-well plates and imaged over time in an Incucyte® Live Cell System. Organoid growth, differentiation, and maturation was measured using Incucyte’ s automated Organoid Software Analysis Module, which tracks changes in size and morphology. Integrated metrics enabled objective determination of cell-type specific growth conditions and passaging regimes. To illustrate the utility of the Incucyte® Organoid Analysis Software Module to track organoid growth and death in 96-well plates, intestinal and hepatic organoid fragments were embedded in Matrigel® (50%) for 3 days prior to treatment with protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (1 µM, STP). Vehicle treated organoids increased in size (10-fold; intestinal or 3-fold; hepatic) over time while marked reduction was observed in the presence of STP. Using label-free size and morphology metrics we could distinguish between cytotoxic and cytostatic mechanisms of action (MoA) of known chemotherapeutic compounds. STP, cisplatin (CIS, DNA synthesis inhibitor) or fluorouracil (5-FU, thymidylate synthetase inhibitor) exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of hepatic organoid growth, yielding IC50 values of 3 nM for STP, 9.7 µM for CIS and 0.78 µM for 5-FU. Whilst attenuation of size was observed across all compounds, increases in eccentricity and darkness indictive of 3D structure disruption and cell death respectively were only observed in CIS and STP-treated organoids (cytotoxic MoA). Differences between the size and morphology readouts illustrated the cytostatic mechanism of 5-FU. Use of this approach was extended to visualize and quantify CFTR function. Following forskolin stimulation, a concentration-dependent increase in intestinal organoid size was observed. In the presence of CFTR inhibitor CFTRinh-172 the maximal response was reduced by >50% (~150% at 10 µM) illustrating that swelling was CFTR-dependent. These data demonstrate the capability to kinetically visualize and quantify distinct organoid morphologies, assess drug-induced cellular changes label-free and illustrates the amenability of this approach across a range of disease areas.
Citation Format: Tim R. Jackson, Miniver Oliver, Daniel Appledorn, Tim Dale, Kalpana Barnes. Label-free, real-time live cell assays for 3D organoids embedded in Matrigel® [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3084.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tim Dale
- 2Sartorius, Royston, United Kingdom
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Whitfield H, Laurendon C, Rochell S, Dridi S, Lee S, Dale T, York T, Kuehn I, Bedford M, Brearley C. Effect of phytase supplementation on plasma and organ myo-inositol content and erythrocyte inositol phosphates as pertaining to breast meat quality issues in chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2021.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
‘Woody breast’ (WB) and ‘white striping’ in broiler meat is a global problem. With unknown etiology, WB negatively impacts bird health, welfare and is a significant economic burden to the poultry industry. New evidence has shown that WB is associated with dysregulation in systemic and breast muscle-oxygen homeostasis, resulting in hypoxia and anaemia. However, it has been observed that phytase (Quantum Blue (QB) a modified, E. coli-derived 6-phytase) super dosing can reverse dysregulation of muscle-oxygen homeostasis and reduces WB severity by ~5%. The objective of this study was to assess whether levels of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, the main allosteric regulator of haemoglobin, are influenced by changes in plasma myo-inositol arising from super dosing with phytase. To enable this, methods suitable for measurement of myo-inositol in tissues and inositol phosphates in blood were developed. Data were collected from independent trials, including male Ross 308 broilers fed low and adequate calcium/available phosphate (Ca/AvP) diets supplemented with QB at 1,500 phytase units (FTU)/kg, which simultaneously decreased gizzard InsP6 (P<0.001) and increased gizzard myo-inositol (P<0.001). Similarly, male Cobb 500 broiler chicks fed a negative control (NC) diet deficient in AvP, Ca and sodium or diet supplemented with the QB phytase at 500, 1000 or 2,000 FTU/kg increased plasma (P<0.001) and liver (P=0.007) myo-inositol of 18d-old birds at 2,000 FTU/kg. Finally, QB supplementation of Cobb 500 breeder flock diet at 1,250 FTU/kg increased blood myo-inositol (P<0.001) and erythrocyte Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 (P=0.011) of their 1d-old hatchlings. These data confirmed the ability of phytase to modulate inositol phosphate pathways by provision of metabolic precursors of important signalling molecules. The ameliorations of WB afforded by super doses of phytase may include modulation of hypoxia pathways that also involve inositol signalling molecules. Elevations of erythrocyte Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 by phytase supplementation may enhance systemic oxygen carrying capacity, an important factor in the amelioration of WB and WS myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Whitfield
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - C. Laurendon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - S.J. Rochell
- University of Arkansas, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, POSC O-406, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - S. Dridi
- University of Arkansas, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, POSC O-406, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - S.A. Lee
- AB Vista, Woodstock Ct, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - T. Dale
- AB Vista, Woodstock Ct, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - T. York
- AB Vista, Woodstock Ct, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - I. Kuehn
- AB Vista, Feldbergstrasse 78, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M.R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Ct, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - C.A Brearley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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McBain KA, Weldon C, Szybut C, Dale T, Carter M. Accelerating ADCP screening using the iQue® Advanced Flow Cytometry Platform. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.68.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) is an immune process stimulated by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promotes specific recruitment of phagocytes to eliminate targeted cancer cells. In vitro functional assays are used extensively in drug development to characterize the effects of mAbs on a range of mechanisms of action, including ADCP.
We describe a high throughput assay for ADCP quantification via co-localization analysis of labeled target cells with CD14 positive effector cells. Target cells were incubated in 96 or 384 well plates with clinically relevant mAbs prior to addition of PBMCs or isolated immune cells (e.g. monocytes or macrophages). Cells were analyzed using the iQue®3 Advanced Flow Cytometer and inbuilt software. Various effector:target (E:T) cell ratios were used to validate the assay.
Maximal ADCP of non-adherent Ramos target cells by PBMCs in the presence of Truxima was 43 ± 2% with an E:T ratio of 20:1, reducing to 19 ± 6% with a 5:1 ratio. Further pharmacological data was obtained for adherent AU565 cells, comparing the response between anti-HER2 mAb isotypes. The potency of response to anti-HER2-IgG1 mAb (Trastuzumab) was five times greater than to another native human isotype, anti-HER2-IgA2, with EC50 values of 6.6 ng/mL and 35 ng/mL, respectively. These data are in line with previous characterizations of isotype effector functions which showed increased ADCP functionality with IgG1 compared to IgA2 mAbs.
The iQue® platform provides a solution for rapid profiling of ADCP effector function in both adherent and suspension target cell models. This accelerates antibody discovery by highlighting potential efficacy and toxicity of antibody drug candidates, leading to greater productivity and insight.
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Khan A, Dale T, Martin H, Spalding L, Redfern C, Redfern A. 59P The impact of site of metastasis on overall survival in indigenous and non-indigenous patients of Western Australia with breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kim G, Buckley E, Herndon J, Allen K, Dale T, Adamson J, Lay L, Giles W, Rodrigues A, Wang Z, Kelsey C, Floyd S, Torok J, Chino J, Fecci P, Sampson J, Anders C, Yin F, Kirkpatrick J. Outcomes In Patients With 4-10 Brain Metastases Treated With Dose-Adapted Single-Isocenter Multitarget Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A Prospective Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dale T, Hannay I, Bedford MR, Tucker GA, Brameld JM, Parr T. The effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation on the in vivo generation of xylooligosaccharides and monosaccharides in broilers fed a wheat-based diet. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:471-481. [PMID: 32683884 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1751805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study quantified xylanase-induced changes in soluble monosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents of the different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and whether these were related to altered bird performance. 2. An in vitro digestion of the wheat-based diet was carried out with the xylanase (Econase XT at 16,000BXU/kg diet) to compare the in vitro and in vivo generation of these XOS and monosaccharides. For the in vivo study, 80 male Ross 508 b roiler chicks were split into two groups fed a wheat-based diet with or without Econase XT (16,000BXU/kg diet) for 21 days. 3. There were no effects of Econase XT inclusion on growth performance characteristics, likely a result of the high-quality wheat diet, the corresponding high performance of the control group (FCR average of 1.45 in controls) and the relatively young age of the birds (from four to 26 days of age). 4. Econase XT supplementation increased the xylotetraose (X4) content in the colon (P = 0.046, enzyme x GIT section interaction) and the xylose contents in the colon and caeca (P < 0.001, enzyme x GIT section interaction). 5. The trend for increased acetate production in the caeca of Econase XT treated birds (P = 0.062) suggested that the XOS generated were subsequently fermented in the caeca, potentially impacting upon the types of microbiota present. 6. The present study suggested that wheat arabinoxylan degradation was enhanced by xylanase supplementation, which may have increased the production of beneficial volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caeca, and thereby potentially modulated the caecal microbiome, but without affecting bird performance at this early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dale
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | - I Hannay
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | | | - G A Tucker
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | - J M Brameld
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
| | - T Parr
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough, UK
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Bevan N, McBain K, Kelsey L, Szybut C, Trezise D, Dale T. Characterizing the mechanism of action of a HER2xCD3 bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody in 2D and 3D immune cell killing assays using a combined live-cell imaging and flow cytometry workflow. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.243.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Solid cancers have proved to be a challenge for immunotherapies and targeted approaches are needed. Evaluation of these therapies using relevant models plays a large part in their development. A workflow that combines live-cell imaging and flow cytometry was used to characterize immune cell killing induced by a BiTE antibody.
Immune cell co-culture assays were set up in 2D or 3D formats with green nuclear labeled AU565 HER2 positive breast cancer cells and various effector cell types. Immune cell activation was induced using HER2xCD3 BiTE or CD3/CD28 Dynabeads. Images were captured every 4 h with IncuCyte and quantified for numerous cellular parameters. Cytokine analysis of supernatant samples was performed using a multiplex QBead panel alongside assessment of immune cell activation markers using the iQue3.
Quantification of PBMC mediated cytotoxicity showed a comparable 70 ± 2% and 62 ± 1% reduction in spheroid growth with BiTE (10 ng mL−1) and Dynabead (1:1 bead-to-cell ratio) activation. In contrast to Dynabeads, BiTE activation did not induce immune cell shape change or upregulation of T cell activation markers; 1 ± 0.2% CD69 expression was observed on CD3+CD8+ cells, compared to 53 ± 0.6%. Further evaluation found BiTE activated isolated CD56+ cells induced less target cell death compared to PBMCs and granzyme B secretion was not detected, suggesting a lack of involvement of NK cells. Release of IL-6 and CCL2 cytokines indicate immune cell mediated cytotoxicity via an inflammatory pathway.
These data suggest HER2xCD3 BiTE activity may not be mediated through T cell or NK cell subtypes. At present the mechanism of target cell killing is unclear, however further studies combining imaging and flow cytometry may provide the required insight.
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Bevan N, Lovell G, Kelsey L, Szybut C, McBain K, Perez-Garrido S, Oliver M, Patel K, Trezise D, Dale T. Use of real-time live-cell analysis with enhanced data analytics to quantify immune cell tumor killing. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.86.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To develop new therapeutics, researchers are exploring the role of the immune system in defending the body against tumors. Modelling induced malignant cell death in vitro is of paramount importance.
Tumor and immune cell co-cultures were created in 96 well plates and using live-cell analysis, various parameters of tumor killing were quantified in real-time. Red nuclear labeled target cells and various densities of pre-activated PBMCs (α-CD3/IL2, 4 d) were seeded in combination with IncuCyte Annexin V green apoptosis detection reagent. Images were acquired every 2 h for 3 d using IncuCyte. Analysis of the fluorescence images provides measurement of target cell number and apoptosis. Enhancement of the phase contrast image analytics enabled single cell segmentation, permitting determination of effector cell parameters; cell number, shape and, using fluorescently labeled surface marker antibodies, protein expression levels. In addition, studies into spatial interactions of target and effector cells were conducted. To exemplify how these new analytical features can be used to investigate the biology of tumor cell killing, studies of a α-hCD3xCD19 bi-specific T-cell engager antibody induced cytotoxicity were performed.
Further characterization of effects on cell cycle during target cell death and use of more advanced 3D models of immune cell killing were also assessed, demonstrating the flexibility of live-cell analysis as a powerful tool for analyzing immune cell killing.
Advances in data analytics has enabled the multiplexing of target cell quantification alongside the interrogation of effector cell properties in live cells. The added insight gained from these approaches will hopefully lead to improved immuno-therapeutics.
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Bevan N, Jackson T, Szybut C, Kelsey L, Campwala H, Dale T, Dana N, Holtz N, Endsley E, Appledorn D, Schramm C, Skerlos L, Lister R, Trezise DJ. Abstract 2156: Quantifying cell subsets and heterogeneity in living cultures using real time live-cell analysis. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Considerable heterogeneity exists in the properties and activity of individual cells, even in the simplest cell system. This arises from fundamental differences in the basic cell types present, genetic or epigenetic variations, the stage of cell cycle or differentiation, and the impact of each cell’s unique and dynamic local microenvironment. Such heterogeneity is mirrored by the diversity of pharmacological response at the cellular level, where even seemingly identical cells may respond differently and at different times to drug treatments and perturbagens. Accordingly, analysis at the cell-by-cell level promises valuable and additional biological insight beyond which whole population measures may deliver. Here, we describe new, enabling and industrial-scale, live-cell analysis solutions for quantifying the phenotypic biology of cell subsets in heterogeneous cultures. Time-lapse images of cultured cancer and immune cells in 96-well microplates were automatically collected using an IncuCyte S3 live analyzer (Essen Bioscience). Using new segmentation algorithms, the boundaries of individual cells (typically 300-1000 per image) were identified in each image of the sequence. Parameters and features were extracted from single cells, such as cell area, eccentricity and fluorescence (e.g. with cell labels, cytotoxicity and apoptosis probes). Populations of cells could be identified and classified over time using custom ‘flow cytometry’-like visualisation and classification tools. Using this new approach, we demonstrate cell-by-cell analysis for a range of different primary and immortalised, adherent and non-adherent, living cells for up to 7 days in culture (e.g. Jurkat, A549, human PBMCs). This was coupled with a novel live-cell, fluorescent antibody-based labeling strategy (IncuCyte FabFluor-488) to probe for specific subsets within the cultures. Example data generated in PBMCs during T cell activation (anti-CD3/IL-2, 10 ng/mL) demonstrates the change in cell shape from small, spherical cells (average area 81 ± 0.5 µm2, eccentricity 0.57 ± 0.002) to larger, flatter cells (117 ± 4 µm2, 0.69 ± 0.004) over 120 h. With the addition of FabFluor-488-CD71, it was possible to show an associated, temporal increase in CD71 expression within the activated T cell subset (75 ± 1% of large cells were CD71 positive compared to 12 ± 1% of smaller cells at 48 h, increasing to >90% in the larger cells by 120 h). Other example data sets for subset analysis of proliferation, cell death and cell cycle measurements as well as immuno-phenotyping will be shared to illustrate the value of this approach.
Citation Format: Nicola Bevan, Tim Jackson, Clare Szybut, Lauren Kelsey, Hinnah Campwala, Tim Dale, Nicholas Dana, Nevine Holtz, Eric Endsley, Dan Appledorn, Cicely Schramm, Laura Skerlos, Richard Lister, Derek J. Trezise. Quantifying cell subsets and heterogeneity in living cultures using real time live-cell analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2156.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tim Dale
- 1Sartorius, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
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Bevan N, Lovell G, O’Clair B, Kelsey L, Szybut C, Campwala H, Jackson T, Holtz N, Endsley E, Dale T, Trezise D. Real-time visualization and quantification of neutrophil activation and function using live-cell analysis. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.130.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) have multiple functions during the resolution of inflammation. At the inflammation site, increases in chemokines induce infiltration of PMNs via CXCR receptor activation, resulting in cell clearance via phagocytosis and NETosis. Here we describe characterization of the activation and function of PMNs using IncuCyte® live-cell analysis.
Changes in cell shape and CD marker expression are known indicators of PMN activation. Freshly isolated PMNs were seeded in 96-well plates, in the presence of FabFlour-488 labeled CD11b antibody for live-cell immunocytochemistry. Phase and fluorescence images were captured every 30 min for 6 h with IncuCyte S3. Cell-by-cell analysis enables individual cell segmentation and yields area, shape (eccentricity) and fluorescent intensity metrics. Subsets of PMNs could be analyzed by classifying on each of these parameters. CXCL8 induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in eccentricity (EC50 0.63 nM) and concomitant increase in CD11b expression (EC50 0.22 nM). CXCL8-induced activation was attenuated by an anti-CXCL8 antibody. CXCL1 or CCL2 yielded little or no change in either parameter.
As a follow up, we assessed CXCL8-dependent chemotaxis using IncuCyte ClearView Chemotaxis plates, phagocytotic activity with IncuCyte pHrodo® E. coli Bioparticles® and PMA-induced NETosis (IncuCyte Cytotox Green). In all three cases robust, time-dependent signal changes were observed, consistent with known PMN function. We conclude that live-cell analysis is a flexible and powerful method for analyzing neutrophil activity, where morphological, protein and functional parameters can be readily quantified and integrated over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bevan
- 1Essen Bioscience, a Sartorius company, United Kingdom
| | - Gillan Lovell
- 1Essen Bioscience, a Sartorius company, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lauren Kelsey
- 1Essen Bioscience, a Sartorius company, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Szybut
- 1Essen Bioscience, a Sartorius company, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Tim Dale
- 1Essen Bioscience, a Sartorius company, United Kingdom
| | - Del Trezise
- 1Essen Bioscience, a Sartorius company, United Kingdom
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Lovell GF, Bevan N, Campwala H, Blancheteau V, Dale T, Dana N, Holtz N, Endlsey E, Trezise DJ. Use of fluorescent Fab/Ab complexes and IncuCyte live-cell analysis to dynamically track cell surface markers and cell populations in mixed cultures. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.46.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fluorescently-labeled antibodies are widely used for visualising cellular protein expression/distribution (e.g. immunocytochemistry) and immuno-phenotyping (e.g. flow cytometry). However, their applications are largely confined to end-point or short term (min-h) detection, and the cell processing and labeling steps that are required often perturb the biology of interest. To enable longer-term, fully kinetic applications of cell surface protein markers in living cells, we have developed a novel strategy based on fluorescently-labeled antibody fragments (Fabs) and IncuCyte live-cell analysis. An Fc-targeted anti-mouse Fab fragment conjugated to a green-emitting fluoroprobe (IncuCyte FabFluor-488) was used to tag Abs to surface markers (e.g. CD4, CD20, Her2) via a simple one-step, no-wash protocol. Addition of the corresponding FabFluor-488-Ab complex to living cells (e.g. Jurkats, RAMOS, SKOV-3) produced long lasting (up to 5d), specific and stable cellular fluorescence at relatively low Ab concentrations (1mg ml−1) that did not perturb cell morphology or growth (IncuCyte S3). To illustrate the application of this approach the method was used to (a) quantify upregulation of the checkpoint protein PDL-1 over 48h in IFN-gamma-treated MDA-MB231 and SKOV-3 and tumor cells, (b) identify cellular subsets in PBMCs, and (c) observe proximity and engagement of A549 target cells by CD-8 positive PBMCs in immune-cell killing experimentsThis FabFluor-488/IncuCyte method enables long-term tracking and quantification of cell surface protein expression and the ability to identify cell subsets in living cultures over time. This method should prove powerful in analyses on complex and advanced heterogeneous cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tim Dale
- 1Essen BioScience Ltd, United Kingdom
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Lovell GF, Bevan N, Dale T, Trezise DJ. Real-time visualisation and quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.49.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of neutrophils to release extracellular traps (NETs) is one of several mechanisms by which the body defends against infection. When neutrophils encounter invading pathogens, the cells release a mixture of antimicrobial proteins and chromatin to trap and degrade microbes. NETs have been implicated in a number of disorders including atherosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and thrombosis.
NETosis can be stimulated in vitro using a number of methods including chemical compounds, microbes and microcrystals. In order to better understand the signaling pathways involved, we developed a fully kinetic live-cell imaging assay for NETosis (96-well format, IncuCyte S3). Using a fluorescent cell impermeant DNA-binding reagent (IncuCyte CytoTox Green), NET release was visualised and quantified in real time. In both primary human neutrophils and differentiated ‘neutrophil-like’ dHL60 cells, PMA (100nM) induced rapid (2h onset, peak 4–6h), time-dependent increase in fluorescence and nuclear degradation. A concomitant increase in myeloperoxidase, elastase (immunofluorescence) and cell-free DNA (Picogreen) was observed, validating the NETosis signal. PMA-induced NETosis was ROS-dependent (CellRox Red) but did not cause externalisation of phosphatidylserine (PS, Annexin V). In contrast, ionomycin (5mM) induced NETosis more rapidly (onset time <15′), did not induce ROS but did externalise PS. Neutrophils and dHL60 cells were both able to phagocytose bacterial bioparticles (IncuCyte pHrodo-E-coli). Taken together, these data illustrate how NETs and neutrophil signaling pathways can be robustly, meaningfully and efficiently analysed using automated live-cell imaging and compatible detection reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim Dale
- 1Essen BioScience Ltd, United Kingdom
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Powell MD, Åtland Å, Dale T. Acute lion's mane jellyfish, Cyanea capillata (Cnideria: Scyphozoa), exposure to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 2018; 41:751-759. [PMID: 29349786 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Jellyfish-induced gill pathology relies upon occasional diagnostic observations yet the extent and impact of jellyfish blooms on aquaculture may be significant. Idiopathic gill lesions are often observed in apparently healthy fish. This study exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts to macerated Cyanea capillata at 2.5 and 5 g/L for 2 hr under controlled laboratory conditions. Blood chemistry and gill histopathology were examined over a subsequent 4-week period. Fish showed an acute response to the presence of jellyfish, including characteristic external "whiplash" discoloration of the skin and acute increases in blood electrolytes and CO2 concentration; however, these were resolved within 4 days after exposure. Histopathologically, gills showed first an acute oedema with epithelial separation followed by focal haemorrhage and thrombus formation, and then progressive inflammatory epithelial hyperplasia that progressively resolved over the 4 weeks post-exposure. Results were consistent with the envenomation of gills with cytotoxic neurotoxins and haemolysins known to be produced by C. capillata. This study suggests that many focal hyperplastic lesions on gills, especially those involving focal thrombi, may be the result of jellyfish stings. Thus, the presence of jellyfish and their impact may be severe and understated in terms of marine fish aquaculture and fish welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Powell
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
- Institute for Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Å Åtland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Dale
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
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Bevan N, Campwala H, Szybut C, Patel K, Appledorn D, Dale T, Trezise D. Abstract 4011: Validation of novel continuous live-cell assays for immune cell activation and killing of blood cell cancers. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The blood cancers leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma are expected to cause the deaths of > 55,000 people in the US in 2016. New immunological approaches afford great promise for improved therapies. Here, we describe novel high throughput live-cell image-based assays for immune cell activation and killing of target cells that are geared toward screening for new treatments for these malignancies. Myeloid and lymphoid cells (Jurkats, Raji, Ramos, WIL2-NS, THP-1, PBMCs) were plated on poly-L-ornithine (PLO) or fibronectin coated 96-well flat plates and monitored over time (h to days) using non-invasive live-cell analysis (IncuCyte). The dynamics of proliferation were quantified via phase-contrast image analysis (% confluence), and validated as a robust measure of cell number by correlating to direct cell counts (Scepter, Millipore) and ATP assays (PerkinElmer). Anti-CD3/IL-2 (0.1-100/10 ng/mL) or anti-CD28 activation (1-100 ng/mL) of PBMCs evoked time-dependent proliferation (0-5d) that was sensitive to the initial cell density and concentration of stimulus. L-Kynurenine (4.69 - 300 µM), a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan caused concentration and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation of PBMCs. To quantify immune-cell killing in co-cultures, WIL2Ns and Ramos B-cell myelomas were first transduced with nuclear-targeted RFP (NucLight Red) to enable direct cell counting. PBMCs, either pre-activated or activated in situ (IL-2/CD3), were then added and the time-course of killing quantified through live (RFP) and dead/apoptotic (annexin-V) cell counting. Together, these protocol developments and validation data illustrate non-invasive continuous measurement of proliferation, activation, clustering and immune-cell killing of non-adherent tumour cells at industrial scale. Unlike flow cytometry, this approach follows the full time-course of the biology without perturbing the cells and allows cell-cell interactions to be visualised. These assays are amenable to testing new therapeutic antibodies, small molecules and genetic T-cell modulation such as CAR-T.
Citation Format: Nicola Bevan, Hinnah Campwala, Clare Szybut, Kalpana Patel, Dan Appledorn, Tim Dale, Derek Trezise. Validation of novel continuous live-cell assays for immune cell activation and killing of blood cell cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4011. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4011
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bevan
- 1Essen BioScience Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare Szybut
- 1Essen BioScience Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
| | - Kalpana Patel
- 1Essen BioScience Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tim Dale
- 1Essen BioScience Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Trezise
- 1Essen BioScience Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
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APPLEDORN DANIEL, Lovell G, Szybut C, Patel K, Campwala H, Bevan N, Dale T, Trezise D. CD47 antibody-induced engulfment of human T cell leukemia cells by bone marrowderived macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.81.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD47 is a trans-membrane “don’t-eat-me” signaling protein that enables tumor cells to evade clearance by neighboring phagocytes. Blocking CD47 allows phagocytes to clear tumor cells and is a promising new approach for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we characterized anti-CD47 antibody-mediated engulfment of living tumor cells (CCRF-CEM) by mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) or immortalized mouse macrophages (J774A.1). Phagocytosis was quantified using a pH-sensitive cell-labeling fluorescent probe, pHrodo, and automated kinetic live-cell analysis (IncuCyte). CCRF-CEM cells were labeled, washed and then treated with antibody. Target cells were then added to BMDMs or J774A.1 cells in 96-well plates. Phase- and fluorescence images were captured and quantified over time. Anti-CD47 antibody, but not IgG-control, produced time- and concentration-dependent engulfment of CCRF-CEMs by BMDMs (30’-4h), as evidenced by a significant increase in intracellular fluorescence. Close inspection of the time-lapse images revealed clear cellular engulfment coincident with the appearance of the fluorescent signal. Similar observations were made with J774A.1 macrophages. Interestingly, the rate and degree of engulfment was effector cell-dependent. The mechanism of engulfment was not via induction of target cell apoptosis since anti-CD47 did not induce PS externalization (Annexin V) or activate caspase 3/7. Our experimental findings substantiate the known pro-phagocytic effects of anti-CD47 antibodies, and provide a model system and method for quantitative functional analysis and mechanistic insight of CD47 modulators as cancer therapeutics.
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Green B, Parry D, Oeppen RS, Plint S, Dale T, Brennan PA. Situational awareness - what it means for clinicians, its recognition and importance in patient safety. Oral Dis 2016; 23:721-725. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Green
- Department of Gastroenterology; Torbay Hospital; Torquay UK
| | - D Parry
- Department of Anatomy; Guys Hospital; London UK
| | - RS Oeppen
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital; Southampton UK
| | - S Plint
- Wessex HEE; Otterbourne Hampshire UK
| | - T Dale
- Atrainability Limited; Surrey UK
| | - PA Brennan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Queen Alexandra Hospital; Portsmouth UK
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APPLEDORN DANIEL, Bevan N, Szybut C, O'Callaghan T, Dale T, Trezise D. Novel kinetic live cell imaging assays for T cell killing of tumor cells (TUM7P.1031). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.142.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy offers the potential for specific eradication of tumor cells and the prevention of cancer recurrence. In this study we describe fully kinetic live cell imaging assays designed to quantify T cell mediated killing of tumor cells in co-culture. RFP-nuclear labelled tumor cells were seeded overnight in 96 or 384 well plates. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) or isolated CD8+ T cells were then added to the wells in combination with various activators and a non-perturbing green fluorescence caspase-3/7detection reagent. Phase and 2-colour fluorescence images were captured every 2h for 4-7 days using IncuCyte ZOOM™. Tumor cell numbers were quantified by direct nuclear object counting (RFP). The number of apoptotic tumor cells were measured using green object counting and size/brightness filtering to remove dying T cells. This method is illustrated and validated with anti CD3, IL-2 and CD28 mediated cell killing, and a study on the impact of target/effector cell ratios. These validation data demonstrate that live cell imaging can be used to discern the full time course and specificity of T cell killing, without the need to lift cells, use Ab labels or radioisotopes (e.g. 51Cr). HD images and time-lapse movies facilitate a clear understanding and compelling verification of the underlying biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tim Dale
- 1Essen BioScience, Ann Arbor, MI
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Dale T, Patel K, O’Clair B, O’Callaghan T, Appledorn D, Trezise D. 323: Simplifying high throughput 3D tumour spheroid growth and shrinkage assays using live content imaging. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)50288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dale T, Wee B. PROVISION OF SPECIALIST PALLIATIVE CARE SUPPORT TO PATIENTS AND CARERS BY TELEPHONE. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2014-000654.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dale T. EINE NEUE METHODE DER RONTGENBEHANDLUNG VON LEUKAMIE. Acta Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/028418513101200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dale T. Intracranial Calcifications. Acta Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/028418513401500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dale T. Total Roentgen Irradiation of Chronic Leukemia. Acta Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/028418513801900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Artymovich K, Szybut C, Patel K, O'Callaghan T, Dale T, Trezise D, Appledorn DM. Abstract B03: Stromal cells confer drug resistance to breast cancer cells in a kinetic co-culture model. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr13-b03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is fundamentally involved in the response of a tumor to anti-cancer therapies. In this study, we present a novel method for kinetically measuring the proliferation of one or more cell types in mixed, co-culture models. Specifically, lentiviral based reagents are used to label nuclei of multiple cell populations within a single culture. Real time cell counts are acquired using an automated, Live Content Imaging approach in which 96-well and 384-well microplates are imaged every 2-3 hours over the course of the full 2-3 day assay. Using this strategy, we confirm data illustrating that culturing HER-2 positive breast cancer cells (SK-BR-3) in the presence of either Human Mammary Fibroblasts (HMFs) or normal skin fibroblasts (CCD-1068Sk) are resistant to the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the HER-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib. Extending this data, we also completed pharmacolgical analyses, using area under the curve of the full kinetic trace, revealing nearly a 2-log difference in lapatinib sensitivity between SK-BR-3 cells grown in the presence or absence lapatinib. The data presented here reveal a novel, automated, kinetic assay for measuring proliferation of one or more cell types in mixed culture models. More importantly, these data further clarify the pharmacolgical effect stromal cells can have on the resistance of breast cancer cells to lapatinib treatment.
Citation Format: Katherine Artymovich, Clare Szybut, Kalpana Patel, Tim O'Callaghan, Tim Dale, Del Trezise, Daniel M. Appledorn. Stromal cells confer drug resistance to breast cancer cells in a kinetic co-culture model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B03.
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Strese S, Wickström M, Fuchs PF, Fryknäs M, Gerwins P, Dale T, Larsson R, Gullbo J. The novel alkylating prodrug melflufen (J1) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:888-95. [PMID: 23933387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN) has been reported to have a functional role in tumor angiogenesis and repeatedly reported to be over-expressed in human tumors. The melphalan-derived prodrug melphalan-flufenamide (melflufen, previously designated J1) can be activated by APN. This suggests that this alkylating prodrug may exert anti-angiogenic properties, which will possibly contribute to the anti-tumoral activity in vivo. This work presents a series of experiments designed to investigate this effect of melflufen. In a cytotoxicity assay we show that bovine endothelial cells were more than 200 times more sensitive to melflufen than to melphalan, in HUVEC cells the difference was more than 30-fold and accompanied by aminopetidase-mediated accumulation of intracellular melphalan. In the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay it is indicated that both melflufen and melphalan inhibit vessel ingrowth. Two commercially available assays with human endothelial cells co-cultured with fibroblasts (TCS Cellworks AngioKit, and Essen GFP-AngioKit) also illustrate the superior anti-angiogenic effect of melflufen compared to melphalan. Finally, in a commercially available in vivo assay in mice (Cultrex DIVAA angio-reactor assay) melflufen displayed an anti-angiogenic effect, comparable to bevacizumab. In conclusion, this study demonstrates through all methods used, that melphalan-flufenamide besides being an alkylating agent also reveals anti-angiogenic effects in different preclinical models in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Strese
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institution of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Appledorn DM, Nelson T, Dale T, Alcantara S, Artymovich K, Endsley EW, Trezise DJ, Groppi VE. Abstract 4046: Kinetic quantification of caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis using live-cell imaging. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptosis, the biological process by which cells undergo programmed cell death, is required for normal tissue maintenance and development. However, aberrations in apoptotic signaling networks are implicated in numerous human diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. Stimulation of either the extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways triggers a signaling cascade that typically results in the activation of executioner caspase-3. Numerous in vitro assays have been designed to measure the activation of caspase-3. The majority of these assays utilize reagent substrates that incorporate the DEVD motif which is recognized by both activated caspases 3 and 7. Such assays result in single, user-defined time point measurements of caspase-3/7 activity and typically require multiple wash steps or cell lifting prior to data collection; potentially resulting in the loss of cells or critical data in experiments where cells undergo apoptosis at different rates according to treatment conditions. In this study, we optimized an assay system incorporating a bi-functional reagent containing the DEVD motif linked to a DNA dye for use on the IncuCyte FLR imaging system. When added to cell culture growth medium, this relatively inert, non-fluorescent molecule crosses the cell membrane where it is available to be a substrate for activated caspase-3/7. The reaction product is a green fluorescent DNA dye that labels the nuclei of cells undergoing apoptosis. Our data show that this strategy can quantitatively measure the kinetic activation of caspase-3/7 through extrinsic stimulation of human tumor derived MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells, HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma cells, A549 lung epithelial carcinoma cells, and HT 1080 fibrosarcoma cells following treatment with TNFα and cycloheximide. Moreover, we exemplify the use of this strategy in 96-well plate screening protocols using both HT 1080 and MDA-MB-231 cells to measure the induction of caspase-3/7 activity in the presence of staurosporine, a well-known general protein kinase inhibitor and inducer of caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis with Z’ values α0.6. We provide evidence that this stable, kinetic, mix-and-read assay can provide both quantitative and qualitative assessments of caspase-3/7 activity using fluorescent images and high-definition phase contrast images, respectively.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4046. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4046
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim Dale
- 1Essen BioScience, Ann Arbor, MI
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Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes numerous developmental processes postnatally, from the elongation of the ductal tree-like structure to pregnancy-induced lobulo-alveolar development. Mammary epithelial stem cells have been suggested to be central to the control of enormous tissue expansion and remodelling during phases of mammary development. The Wnt signalling pathway plays a critical role in these biological steps and is suggested to be involved in the maintenance of the stem cell population. This review provides insight into recent findings on the activity of Wnt signalling during ductal and lobular mammary development and discusses the potential interplay between Wnt signals and mammary stem cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jardé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
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Chotima R, Dale T, Green M, Hey TW, McMullin CL, Nunns A, Orpen AG, Shishkov IV, Wass DF, Wingad RL. Cyclopropenylidene carbene ligands in palladium catalysed coupling reactions: carbene ligand rotation and application to the Stille reaction. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:5316-23. [PMID: 21475742 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of [Pd(PPh(3))(4)] with 1,1-dichloro-2,3-diarylcyclopropenes gives complexes of the type cis-[PdCl(2)(PPh(3))(C(3)(Ar)(2))] (Ar = Ph 5, Mes 6). Reaction of [Pd(dba)(2)] with 1,1-dichloro-2,3-diarylcyclopropenes in benzene gave the corresponding binuclear palladium complexes trans-[PdCl(2)(C(3)(Ar)(2))](2) (Ar = Ph 7, p-(OMe)C(6)H(4)8, p-(F)C(6)H(4)9). Alternatively, when the reactions were performed in acetonitrile, the complexes trans-[PdCl(2)(NCMe)(C(3)(Ar)(2))] (Ar = Ph 10, p-(OMe)C(6)H(4)11 and p-(F)C(6)H(4)) 12) were isolated. Addition of phosphine ligands to the binuclear palladium complex 7 or acetonitrile adducts 11 and 12 gave complexes of the type cis-[PdCl(2)(PR(3))(C(3)(Ar)(2))] (Ar = Ph, R = Cy 13, Ar = p-(OMe)C(6)H(4), R = Ph 14, Ar = p-(F)C(6)H(4), R = Ph 15). Crystal structures of complexes 6·3.25CHCl(3), 10, 11·H(2)O and 12-15 are reported. DFT calculations of complexes 10-12 indicate the barrier to rotation about the carbene-palladium bond is very low, suggesting limited double bond character in these species. Complexes 5-9 were tested for catalytic activity in C-C coupling (Mizoroki-Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura and, for the first time, Stille reactions) and C-N coupling (Buchwald-Hartwig amination) showing excellent conversion with moderate to high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanon Chotima
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, UK BS8 1TS
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McCulloch P, Mishra A, Handa A, Dale T, Hirst G, Catchpole K. The effects of aviation-style non-technical skills training on technical performance and outcome in the operating theatre. Qual Saf Health Care 2011; 18:109-15. [PMID: 19342524 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2008.032045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unintended harm to patients in operating theatres is common. Correlations have been demonstrated between teamwork skills and error rates in theatres. This was a single-institution uncontrolled before-after study of the effects of "non-technical" skills training on attitudes, teamwork, technical performance and clinical outcome in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) operations. The setting was the theatre suite of a UK teaching hospital. Attitudes were measured using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ). Teamwork was scored using the Oxford Non-Technical Skills (NOTECHS) method. Operative technical errors (OTEs), non-operative procedural errors (NOPEs), complications, operating time and length of hospital stay (LOS) were recorded. A 9 h classroom non-technical skills course based on aviation "Crew Resource Management" (CRM) was offered to all staff, followed by 3 months of twice-weekly coaching from CRM experts. Forty-eight procedures (26 LC and 22 CEA) were studied before intervention, and 55 (32 and 23) afterwards. Non-technical skills and attitudes improved after training (NOTECHS increase 37.0 to 38.7, t = -2.35, p = 0.021, SAQ teamwork climate increase 64.1 to 69.2, t = -2.95, p = 0.007). OTEs declined from 1.73 to 0.98 (u = 1071, p = 0.009), and NOPEs from 8.48 to 5.16 per operation (t = 4.383, p<0.001). These effects were stronger in the LC group than in CEA procedures. The operating time was unchanged, and a non-significant reduction in LOS was observed. Non-technical skills training improved technical performance in theatre, but the effects varied between teams. Considerable cultural resistance to adoption was encountered, particularly among medical staff. Debriefing and challenging authority seemed more difficult to introduce than other parts of the training. Further studies are needed to define the optimal training package, explain variable responses and confirm clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McCulloch
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Dale T. Skelettveranderungen Bei Einem Falle Von Chronischem Empyem. Acta Radiol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/00016923009138863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Adeniji AA, Fuller I, Dale T, Lindow SW. Should we continue screening rhesus D positive women for the development of atypical antibodies in late pregnancy? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 20:59-61. [PMID: 17437201 DOI: 10.1080/14767050601123317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to calculate the incidence of the new development of atypical antibodies (other than anti-rhesus D) in women attending for antenatal care, and to assess the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of a second test to detect these antibodies. METHOD A three-year retrospective analysis was undertaken to calculate the number of rhesus positive women who developed new antibodies in the last trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS Of 13,143 rhesus positive women, 20 (0.15%) developed new antibodies; fetal outcome was not compromised in any of these cases. CONCLUSION Repeat testing in late pregnancy would appear an unnecessary expense in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Adeniji
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK.
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Freeman J, Zollo M, Dale T. Investigating h-Prune activation of Wnt signalling in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008. [PMCID: PMC3300718 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Mishra A, Catchpole K, Dale T, McCulloch P. The influence of non-technical performance on technical outcome in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2007; 22:68-73. [PMID: 17479324 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-007-9346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence from other professions suggests that training in teamwork and general cognitive abilities, collectively described as non-technical skills, may reduce accidents and errors. The relationship between non-technical teamwork skills and technical errors was studied using a behavioural marker system validated in aviation and adapted for use in surgery. METHOD 26 elective laparoscopic cholecystectomies were observed. Simultaneous assessments were made of surgical technical errors, by observation clinical human reliability assessment (OCHRA) task analysis, and non-technical performance, using the surgical NOTECHS behavioural marker system. NOTECHS assesses four categories: (1) leadership and management, (2) teamwork cooperation, (3) problem-solving and decision-making, (4) situation awareness. Each subteam (nurses, surgeons and anaesthetists) was scored separately on each of the four dimensions. Two observers - one surgical trainee and one human factors expert - were used to assess intra-rater reliability. RESULTS The mean NOTECHS team score was 35.5 (95% C.I. +/- 1.88). The mean subteam scores for surgeons, anaesthetists and nurses were 13.3 (95% C.I. +/- 0.64), 11.4 (95% C.I. +/- 1.05), and 10.8 (95% C.I. +/- 0.87), respectively, with a significant difference between surgeons and anaesthetists (U = 197, p = 0.009), and surgeons and nurses (U = 0.134, p <or= 0.001). Inter-rater reliability was found to be strong (alpha = 0.88). There were between zero and six technical errors per operation, with a mean of 2.62 (95% C.I. +/- 0.55), which were negatively correlated with the surgeons situational awareness scores (rho = -0.718, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Non-technical skills are an important component of surgical skill, particularly in relation to the development and maintenance of a surgeon's situational awareness. Experience from other industries suggests that it may be possible to improve the ability of surgeons to manage their own situation awareness, through training, intraoperative briefings and intraoperative workload management. In the future, it may be possible to use non-technical performance as a surrogate measure for technical performance, either for early identification of surgical difficulties, or as a method of evaluation by which non-surgically trained observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishra
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Catchpole KR, Giddings AEB, de Leval MR, Peek GJ, Godden PJ, Utley M, Gallivan S, Hirst G, Dale T. Identification of systems failures in successful paediatric cardiac surgery. Ergonomics 2006; 49:567-88. [PMID: 16717010 DOI: 10.1080/00140130600568865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Patient safety will benefit from an approach to human error that examines systemic causes, rather than blames individuals. This study describes a direct observation methodology, based on a threat and error model, prospectively to identify types and sources of systems failures in paediatric cardiac surgery. Of substantive interest were the range, frequency and types of failures that could be identified and whether minor failures could accumulate to form more serious events, as has been the case in other industries. Check lists, notes and video recordings were employed to observe 24 successful operations. A total of 366 failures were recorded. Coordination and communication problems, equipment problems, a relaxed safety culture, patient-related problems and perfusion-related problems were most frequent, with a smaller number of skill, knowledge and decision-making failures. Longer and more risky operations were likely to generate a greater number of minor failures than shorter and lower risk operations, and in seven higher-risk cases frequently occurring minor failures accumulated to threaten the safety of the patient. Non-technical errors were more prevalent than technical errors and task threats were the most prevalent systemic source of error. Adverse events in surgery are likely to be associated with a number of recurring and prospectively identifiable errors. These may be co-incident and cumulative human errors predisposed by threats embedded in the system, rather than due to individual incompetence or negligence. Prospectively identifying and reducing these recurrent failures would lead to improved surgical standards and enhanced patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Catchpole
- Royal College of Surgeons of England, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PE, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wolfson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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Hawley C, Dale T. St John's wort was not better than placebo for reducing depression scores. Evid Based Ment Health 2002; 5:24. [PMID: 11915827 DOI: 10.1136/ebmh.5.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
The interaction between the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein homodimer and its cognate RNA hairpin is facilitated by 21 different RNA-protein contacts. In one of these contacts, the 2'-hydroxyl group at ribose -5 of the RNA acts as a hydrogen bond donor to Glu63 in one subunit of the protein. Previous experiments showed that substitution of ribose -5 with deoxyribose resulted in a 24-fold decrease in binding affinity between RNA and protein. Using a protein where the two MS2 monomers were fused to increase stability, the contribution of this contact to the overall binding affinity was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. When Glu63 was substituted with glutamine, aspartate, or alanine, the binding affinity of the hairpin for the protein was weakened by 12 to 100-fold, similar to that observed with deoxyribose at position -5. However, the specificity of the three mutant proteins for RNAs with various modifications at the 2'-position of ribose -5 differed dramatically. While the Glu63Asp protein resembled the wild-type protein in preferring the 2'-hydroxyl group over a proton or a bulky 2'-substituent, both the Glu63Ala and Glu63Gln proteins preferred bulky 2'-substituents over the 2'-hydroxyl group by more than 100-fold. These experiments emphasize the ease with which the specificity of a protein-nucleic acid interaction can be changed at thermodynamically important sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dertinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA
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Breitfeld PP, Dale T, Kohne J, Hui S, Tierney WM. Accurate case finding using linked electronic clinical and administrative data at a children's hospital. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54:1037-45. [PMID: 11576816 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To link hospital administrative data and an electronic medical record at a children's hospital in order to identify children with cancer admitted for fever and neutropenia. Hospital administrative data concerning 13,374 inpatient and outpatient encounters were validated against and linked to clinical data stored in an electronic medical record. Queries of the linked databases identified children with fever and neutropenia. Sensitivity and specificity of the experimental case-finding strategy were determined and compared to a control case-finding strategy utilizing administrative data alone. Linking of the clinical record to the administrative record was achieved in 233 (99%) of the 235 records. Of 1680 data elements reviewed from the administrative data that were also potentially available in the clinical data system, 1679 (99.9%) were verified in the electronic medical record. The experimental strategy for case finding had a sensitivity of 73.1% (95% CI: 58.1, 88.3), specificity 99.6% (95% CI: 99.1, 100). If only administrative data such as diagnosis-related group and hospital service were used for case finding, both the sensitivity (P < 0.01) and specificity (P < 0.01) were significantly lower. Linking a children's hospital administrative data system with clinical data is feasible and can be utilized for specific case finding for a common and costly condition in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Breitfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sarkar L, Cobourne M, Naylor S, Smalley M, Dale T, Sharpe PT. Wnt/Shh interactions regulate ectodermal boundary formation during mammalian tooth development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4520-4. [PMID: 10781055 PMCID: PMC18267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the Wnt (wingless) and hedgehog signaling pathways were first described as playing a role in establishing boundaries between ectodermal cells in Drosophila segmentation. During the initiation of mammalian tooth development, boundaries that distinguish oral from dental ectoderm must be formed to correctly position the sites of tooth formation. We describe a reciprocal relationship between the expression of Wnt-7b in presumptive oral ectoderm and Shh in presumptive dental ectoderm in mouse embryos that mark boundaries between these cells with different developmental fates. By using a murine retrovirus to ectopically express Wnt-7b in presumptive dental ectoderm in mandibular arch explants, we show that Shh expression in the ectoderm and Ptc expression in the underlying ectomesenchyme are down-regulated, and tooth development is subsequently arrested. This suggests that Wnt-7b acts to repress Shh expression in oral ectoderm, thus maintaining the boundaries between oral and dental ectodermal cells. Implantation of beads soaked in Shh protein into Wnt-7b-infected explants resulted in complete rescue of tooth development, confirming that the repressive action of Wnt-7b specifically affects Shh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sarkar
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
To investigate the accuracy of a model [Giese et al., 1998, Biochemistry37:1094-1100 and Mathews et al., 1999, JMol Biol 288:911-940] that predicts the stability of RNA hairpin loops, optical melting studies were conducted on sets of hairpins previously determined to have unusually stable thermodynamic parameters. Included were the tetraloops GNRA and UNCG (where N is any nucleotide and R is a purine), hexaloops with UU first mismatches, and the hairpin loop of the iron responsive element, CAGUGC. The experimental values for the GNRA loops are in excellent agreement (deltaG degrees 37 within 0.2 kcal/mol and melting temperature (TM) within 4 degrees C) with the values predicted by the model. When the UNCG hairpin loops are treated as tetraloops, and a bonus of 0.8 kcal/mol included in the prediction to account for the extra stable first mismatch (UG), the measured and predicted values are also in good agreement (deltaG degrees 37 within 0.7 kcal/mol and TM within 3 degrees C). Six hairpins with unusually stable UU first mismatches also gave good agreement with the predictions (deltaG degrees 37 within 0.5 kcal/mol and TM within 8 degrees C), except for hairpins closed by wobble base pairs. For these hairpins, exclusion of the additional stabilization term for UU first mismatches improved the prediction (AG degrees 37 within 0.1 kcal/mol and TM within 3 degrees C). Hairpins with the iron-responsive element loop were not predicted well by the model, as measured deltaG degrees 37 values were at least 1 kcal/mol greater than predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dale
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Ryves
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Thermodynamic parameters are reported for hairpin formation in 1 M NaCl by RNA sequences of the type GGXANmAYCC, where XY is the wobble base pair, GU or UG, and the underlined loop sequences are three to eight nucleotides. A nearest-neighbor analysis indicates the free energy of loop formation is dependent upon loop size and closing base pair. Hairpin loops closed by UG base pairs are on average 1.3 kcal/mol less stable than hairpins closed by GU base pairs. The hairpin loops closed by UG have approximately the same stability as hairpin loops closed by AU/UA base pairs, while the loops closed by GU are approximately 0.7 kcal/mol more stable than hairpins loops closed by GC/CG base pairs. These results, combined with the model previously developed [Serra et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 4844] to predict the stability for hairpin loops closed by Watson-Crick base pairs, allow for the following model to predict the stability of hairpin loops: delta G degree 37L(n) = delta G degree 37iL(n) + delta G degree 37mm + 0.6 (if closed by AU, UA, or UB) - 0.7 (if closed by GU) - 0.7 (if first mismatch is GA or UU except for loops closed by GU). Here, delta G degree 37iL(n) is the free energy increment for initiating a loop of n nucleotides with a CG or GC pair, and delta G degree 37mm is the free energy for the interaction of the first mismatch with the closing base pair. For hairpin loops of n = 4-9, delta G037iL(n) is 4.9, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 4.9, and 5.5 kcal/mol, respectively. For hairpin loops of n = 3, delta G degree 37L(3) = +4.8 + 0.6 (if closed by AU, UA, or UG) kcal/mol. Thermodynamic parameters for hairpin formation in 1 M NaCl for 13 naturally occurring RNA hairpin sequences closed by wobble base pairs are reported. The model provides good agreement for both TM and delta G degree 37 for most hairpins studied. Thermodynamic values for five terminal mismatches adjacent to wobble base pairs are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Giese
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335, USA
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Armstrong J, Selkirk PM, Connett MB, Joe TW, Skotnicki M, Adam KD, Dale T. Genetic variation in Antarctic populations of the moss Sarconeurum glaciale. Polar Biol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s003000050198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Niranjan B, Buluwela L, Yant J, Perusinghe N, Atherton A, Phippard D, Dale T, Gusterson B, Kamalati T. HGF/SF: a potent cytokine for mammary growth, morphogenesis and development. Development 1995; 121:2897-908. [PMID: 7555716 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121.9.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a renewing tissue in which morphogenetic processes and differentiation occur cyclically during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. These events have been shown to be dependent upon epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Studies of the effects of individual factors, their cellular source and their target cell populations in the different developmental stages of the mammary gland are greatly facilitated by the accessibility of this organ and the application of new techniques that allow purification of the major epithelial and stromal components of this tissue. Here we demonstrate that HGF/SF and its cellular receptor, c-met, are expressed and regulated temporally during mouse mammary development and differentiation. We show that human and mouse mammary fibroblasts produce HGF/SF and that HGF/SF is not only mitogenic but morphogenic and motogenic for both human and mouse mammary epithelial cells. We have found that human luminal and myoepithelial cells express c-met differentially and that HGF/SF has different effects on these two mammary epithelial cell populations. HGF/SF is mitogenic for luminal cells but not myoepithelial cells, and morphogenic to myoepithelial cells but not luminal cells. This is discussed in the context of the proliferative compartments in the normal mammary gland and the potential role of the myoepithelial cells to act as the skeleton for ductal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Niranjan
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
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Abstract
The sexual practices, partner communication patterns, and prevalence of chlamydial infection were determined in a sample of college women. Specific inclusion criteria were used to screen 146 participants. The presence of a mucopurulent cervical discharge was the only criterion significantly associated with infection. Only 12% of the sample used condoms alone or in combination with another birth control method, and only 31% of the women discussed with their partner their own or their partner's sexual history. Thirty-eight percent of the sample reported a history of one to four episodes of a sexually transmitted disease, and 21% of the women stated they had had two or more sexual partners within the past 6 months. Health providers, counselors, and women themselves must address this health issue with more assertive behavior and communication skills.
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Bountra C, Bunce K, Dale T, Gardner C, Jordan C, Twissell D, Ward P. Anti-emetic profile of a non-peptide neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-99,994, in ferrets. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 249:R3-4. [PMID: 7506663 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the ferret, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are effective in controlling emesis produced by cytotoxic agents or radiation. To investigate the possibility that substance P has a role, as well as 5-HT, in the emetic reflex pathway, we have examined the anti-emetic effects of a NK1 receptor antagonist (racemic CP-99,994) in the ferret. Racemic CP-99,994 was effective against a range of emetogens, comprising cytotoxic drugs, radiation, morphine, ipecacuanha and copper sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bountra
- Department of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology, Glaxo Group Research Ltd., Greenford, Middx, UK
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Dale O, Dale T. [Anesthetic gases, the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect. How harmful are the anesthetic emissions for the global environment?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1991; 111:2115-7. [PMID: 1871748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, world society has acknowledged the harmful effects on the environment of the greenhouse effect and of depletion of the ozone layer, caused by industrial emissions of man-made compounds. Ozone depletion is caused mainly by chlorine compounds or nitrogen oxides released by degradation in the stratosphere. The greenhouse effect is caused by increased trapping of terrestrial heat radiation. Degradation of the anaesthetic vapours halothane, enflurane and isoflurane releases chlorine, and nitrous oxide degradation produces reactive nitrogen oxides. Nitrous oxide in particular, but also the vapours, absorb terrestrial radiation. The total discharge of anaesthetic vapours contributes to less than 0.01% of the total atmospheric chlorine load, and the annual Norwegian release of approximately two tons accounts for 0.2% of the world total. It is estimated that the total amount of nitrous oxide released from anaesthetics accounts for 0.05% of the greenhouse effect, while annual Norwegian emissions of nitrous oxide (less than 160 tons) comprise 0.2-0.4% of world total. Because of their favourable clinical properties and their modest contribution to ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect, medical use of inhalational anaesthetic agents should not be banned. However, low flow anaesthetic techniques should be employed, in order to reduce their negative impacts on the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dale
- Anestesiavdelingen, Regionsykehuset i Trondheim
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