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Enjuanes L, Dediego ML, Alvarez E, Deming D, Sheahan T, Baric R. Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease. Virus Res 2008; 133:45-62. [PMID: 17416434 PMCID: PMC2633062 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An important effort has been performed after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 to diagnose and prevent virus spreading. Several types of vaccines have been developed including inactivated viruses, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), DNA vaccines, heterologous expression systems, and vaccines derived from SARS-CoV genome by reverse genetics. This review describes several aspects essential to develop SARS-CoV vaccines, such as the correlates of protection, virus serotypes, vaccination side effects, and bio-safeguards that can be engineered into recombinant vaccine approaches based on the SARS-CoV genome. The production of effective and safe vaccines to prevent SARS has led to the development of promising vaccine candidates, in contrast to the design of vaccines for other coronaviruses, that in general has been less successful. After preclinical trials in animal models, efficacy and safety evaluation of the most promising vaccine candidates described has to be performed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enjuanes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhu Z, Chakraborti S, He Y, Roberts A, Sheahan T, Xiao X, Hensley LE, Prabakaran P, Rockx B, Sidorov IA, Corti D, Vogel L, Feng Y, Kim JO, Wang LF, Baric R, Lanzavecchia A, Curtis KM, Nabel GJ, Subbarao K, Jiang S, Dimitrov DS. Potent cross-reactive neutralization of SARS coronavirus isolates by human monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12123-8. [PMID: 17620608 PMCID: PMC1924550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused a worldwide epidemic in late 2002/early 2003 and a second outbreak in the winter of 2003/2004 by an independent animal-to-human transmission. The GD03 strain, which was isolated from an index patient of the second outbreak, was reported to resist neutralization by the human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) 80R and S3.1, which can potently neutralize isolates from the first outbreak. Here we report that two hmAbs, m396 and S230.15, potently neutralized GD03 and representative isolates from the first SARS outbreak (Urbani, Tor2) and from palm civets (SZ3, SZ16). These antibodies also protected mice challenged with the Urbani or recombinant viruses bearing the GD03 and SZ16 spike (S) glycoproteins. Both antibodies competed with the SARS-CoV receptor, ACE2, for binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD), suggesting a mechanism of neutralization that involves interference with the SARS-CoV-ACE2 interaction. Two putative hot-spot residues in the RBD (Ile-489 and Tyr-491) were identified within the SARS-CoV spike that likely contribute to most of the m396-binding energy. Residues Ile-489 and Tyr-491 are highly conserved within the SARS-CoV spike, indicating a possible mechanism of the m396 cross-reactivity. Sequence analysis and mutagenesis data show that m396 might neutralize all zoonotic and epidemic SARS-CoV isolates with known sequences, except strains derived from bats. These antibodies exhibit cross-reactivity against isolates from the two SARS outbreaks and palm civets and could have potential applications for diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of SARS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Zhu
- *Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, and
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Samitabh Chakraborti
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yuxian He
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021
| | | | - Tim Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Xiaodong Xiao
- *Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, and
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Ponraj Prabakaran
- *Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, and
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Igor A. Sidorov
- *Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, and
| | - Davide Corti
- **Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, CH 6500 Belllinzona, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Yang Feng
- *Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, and
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory and Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- **Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, CH 6500 Belllinzona, Switzerland; and
| | - Kristopher M. Curtis
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Shibo Jiang
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- *Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Protein Interactions, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box B, Building 469, Room 150B, Frederick, MD 21702-1201. E-mail:
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Roberts A, Deming D, Paddock CD, Cheng A, Yount B, Vogel L, Herman BD, Sheahan T, Heise M, Genrich GL, Zaki SR, Baric R, Subbarao K. A mouse-adapted SARS-coronavirus causes disease and mortality in BALB/c mice. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e5. [PMID: 17222058 PMCID: PMC1769406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
No single animal model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) reproduces all aspects of the human disease. Young inbred mice support SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replication in the respiratory tract and are available in sufficient numbers for statistical evaluation. They are relatively inexpensive and easily accessible, but their use in SARS research is limited because they do not develop illness following infection. Older (12- to 14-mo-old) BALB/c mice develop clinical illness and pneumonitis, but they can be hard to procure, and immune senescence complicates pathogenesis studies. We adapted the SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) by serial passage in the respiratory tract of young BALB/c mice. Fifteen passages resulted in a virus (MA15) that is lethal for mice following intranasal inoculation. Lethality is preceded by rapid and high titer viral replication in lungs, viremia, and dissemination of virus to extrapulmonary sites accompanied by lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and pathological changes in the lungs. Abundant viral antigen is extensively distributed in bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar pneumocytes, and necrotic cellular debris is present in airways and alveoli, with only mild and focal pneumonitis. These observations suggest that mice infected with MA15 die from an overwhelming viral infection with extensive, virally mediated destruction of pneumocytes and ciliated epithelial cells. The MA15 virus has six coding mutations associated with adaptation and increased virulence; when introduced into a recombinant SARS-CoV, these mutations result in a highly virulent and lethal virus (rMA15), duplicating the phenotype of the biologically derived MA15 virus. Intranasal inoculation with MA15 reproduces many aspects of disease seen in severe human cases of SARS. The availability of the MA15 virus will enhance the use of the mouse model for SARS because infection with MA15 causes morbidity, mortality, and pulmonary pathology. This virus will be of value as a stringent challenge in evaluation of the efficacy of vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeanette Roberts
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Damon Deming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher D Paddock
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Cheng
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leatrice Vogel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian D Herman
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim Sheahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gillian L Genrich
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sherif R Zaki
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Analysis of the obstetric records of 41,955 public patients with singleton pregnancies at the Mater Misericordiae Mothers' Hospital, South Brisbane, showed a significant association (increased odds ratio) between Low Maximum Pregnancy Maternal Body Mass Index (Quetelets Index 20-24.6 and maternal anaemia, the use of intravenous tocolysis, low birth-weight (< 1,500 g and < 2,500 g), low Apgar score (< 7 at 5 minutes) and perinatal mortality. Parturients with a Very Low Body Mass Index (Quetelets Index < 20) had even greater odds ratios in respect of the above obstetric hazards. Both the Low and Very Low Body Mass Index cohorts had significantly reduced risks of having hypertension (both essential and preeclamptic) or having their labours induced or augmented. The results are presented as odds ratios with confidence limits after controlling for the potentially confounding covariables of maternal age, parity, smoking habits and gestational age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cattanach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Queensland, Mater Mothers' Hospital, South Brisbane
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Cattanach S, Fung P, Sheahan T. Emergencies in pregnant patients. Aust Fam Physician 1991; 20:1253, 1256-60, 1263. [PMID: 1953467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The principles of management of important obstetric emergencies, especially haemorrhagic complications, are presented. It is expected that the general practitioner will encounter more of these complications with the rise in non hospital births and with shared antenatal management. This paper is the first of a series on obstetric emergencies.
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