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Li F, Kozono D, Deraska P, Branigan T, Dunn C, Zheng XF, Parmar K, Nguyen H, DeCaprio J, Shapiro GI, Chowdhury D, D'Andrea AD. CHK1 Inhibitor Blocks Phosphorylation of FAM122A and Promotes Replication Stress. Mol Cell 2020; 80:410-422.e6. [PMID: 33108758 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While effective anti-cancer drugs targeting the CHK1 kinase are advancing in the clinic, drug resistance is rapidly emerging. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-mediated knockout of the little-known gene FAM122A/PABIR1 confers cellular resistance to CHK1 inhibitors (CHK1is) and cross-resistance to ATR inhibitors. Knockout of FAM122A results in activation of PP2A-B55α, a phosphatase that dephosphorylates the WEE1 protein and rescues WEE1 from ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The resulting increase in WEE1 protein expression reduces replication stress, activates the G2/M checkpoint, and confers cellular resistance to CHK1is. Interestingly, in tumor cells with oncogene-driven replication stress, CHK1 can directly phosphorylate FAM122A, leading to activation of the PP2A-B55α phosphatase and increased WEE1 expression. A combination of a CHK1i plus a WEE1 inhibitor can overcome CHK1i resistance of these tumor cells, thereby enhancing anti-cancer activity. The FAM122A expression level in a tumor cell can serve as a useful biomarker for predicting CHK1i sensitivity or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Kozono
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter Deraska
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Timothy Branigan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 01115
| | - Connor Dunn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kalindi Parmar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 01115
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 01115; Early Drug Development Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Cheng J, Park DE, Berrios C, White EA, Arora R, Yoon R, Branigan T, Xiao T, Westerling T, Federation A, Zeid R, Strober B, Swanson SK, Florens L, Bradner JE, Brown M, Howley PM, Padi M, Washburn MP, DeCaprio JA. Merkel cell polyomavirus recruits MYCL to the EP400 complex to promote oncogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006668. [PMID: 29028833 PMCID: PMC5640240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) frequently contains integrated copies of Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA that express a truncated form of Large T antigen (LT) and an intact Small T antigen (ST). While LT binds RB and inactivates its tumor suppressor function, it is less clear how ST contributes to MCC tumorigenesis. Here we show that ST binds specifically to the MYC homolog MYCL (L-MYC) and recruits it to the 15-component EP400 histone acetyltransferase and chromatin remodeling complex. We performed a large-scale immunoprecipitation for ST and identified co-precipitating proteins by mass spectrometry. In addition to protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) subunits, we identified MYCL and its heterodimeric partner MAX plus the EP400 complex. Immunoprecipitation for MAX and EP400 complex components confirmed their association with ST. We determined that the ST-MYCL-EP400 complex binds together to specific gene promoters and activates their expression by integrating chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA-seq. MYCL and EP400 were required for maintenance of cell viability and cooperated with ST to promote gene expression in MCC cell lines. A genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen confirmed the requirement for MYCL and EP400 in MCPyV-positive MCC cell lines. We demonstrate that ST can activate gene expression in a EP400 and MYCL dependent manner and this activity contributes to cellular transformation and generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donglim Esther Park
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Berrios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reety Arora
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosa Yoon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy Branigan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tengfei Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Westerling
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexander Federation
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rhamy Zeid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Strober
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Selene K. Swanson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laurence Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James E. Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Howley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megha Padi
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Washburn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Current conventional surgical and pathological techniques substantially understage colon cancer. This is evidenced by the fact that a significant subset of patients who are stage I and II at the time of colectomy return with distant metastases and ultimately succumb to the disease within the next 5 years. The identification of more nodes within a specimen and the detailed analysis of lymph nodes with advanced pathological techniques such as immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) can improve the staging of colon cancer, but are also associated with tremendous financial, time, and labor constraints. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has provided an avenue of staging colon cancer with high success rates and accuracy rates, while maintaining cost- and time-effectiveness. The ability to reproduce these results is dependent on adherence to the technical details of the procedure, and thereby providing the pathologist with the true SLNs, upon which the advanced pathological studies can be applied. We report our experience of SLN mapping for colon tumors in 209 patients, elaborating on the materials used, technical details, pitfalls, and results of the procedure. Our results show a success rate of 100% (209/209) and an overall accuracy rate for predicting positive or negative metastatic disease of 96.2% (201/209). Nodal metastases were identified in 46.2% (85/184) of patients with invasive disease (stage T1 to T4). The SLN was the exclusive site of metastases in 38.8% (33/85) of these patients, and the nodal disease was detected only as micrometastases in 22.4% (19/85). The skip metastases rate (false negatives) was 9.4% (8/85). SLN mapping is a powerful tool for accurate staging of colon cancer with a high success rate. The upstaging associated with this procedure may reveal disease that might otherwise go undetected by conventional surgical and pathological methods. Those patients who are upstaged can then benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, which has been shown to improve survival of colon cancer patients with nodal disease by at least 33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukamal Saha
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Flint, USA
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Duane GB, Kanter MH, Branigan T, Chang C. A morphologic and morphometric study of cells from colloid carcinoma of the breast obtained by fine needle aspiration. Distinction from other breast lesions. Acta Cytol 1987; 31:742-50. [PMID: 2827410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Morphologic and morphometric studies were carried out on eight cases of pure and mixed colloid carcinoma of the breast initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Key morphologic features included (1) cellular smears, (2) single cells, loose aggregates and cohesive groups of cells bathed in a mucinous background, (3) single cells displaying nuclear eccentricity and (4) little variation in nuclear size or shape, with bland-to-accentuated chromatin and rare nucleoli. These morphologic features are compared with those observed in pregnancy adenoma, lobular carcinoma, fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. A morphometric study employing the major and minor axes of the nucleus, its axis product and axis ratio was also performed. Statistical treatment confirmed that the nuclear axis product (a size factor) distinguished colloid carcinoma from the other breast lesions, except the small-cell type of ductal carcinoma. Furthermore, the nuclear axis ratio (a shape factor) discriminates pregnancy adenoma and small-cell ductal carcinoma from the other breast lesions studied. By combining morphologic and morphometric criteria, one can specifically separate colloid carcinoma from the other breast lesions when examining smears obtained by FNA. Since colloid carcinoma is usually composed of cells with a relatively benign-appearing cytomorphology, the importance of recognizing this entity in fine needle aspirates is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Duane
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance
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