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Albain KS, Gray RJ, Makower DF, Faghih A, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, Dees EC, Goetz MP, Olson JA, Lively T, Badve SS, Saphner TJ, Wagner LI, Whelan TJ, Ellis MJ, Wood WC, Keane MM, Gomez HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky AM, Toppmeyer DL, Kaklamani VG, Berenberg JL, Abrams J, Sledge GW, Sparano JA. Race, Ethnicity, and Clinical Outcomes in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative, Node-Negative Breast Cancer in the Randomized TAILORx Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:390-399. [PMID: 32986828 PMCID: PMC8599918 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black race is associated with worse outcomes in early breast cancer. We evaluated clinicopathologic characteristics, the 21-gene recurrence score (RS), treatment delivered, and clinical outcomes by race and ethnicity among women who participated in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment. METHODS The association between clinical outcomes and race (White, Black, Asian, other or unknown) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic) was examined using proportional hazards models. All P values are 2-sided. RESULTS Of 9719 eligible women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer, there were 8189 (84.3%) Whites, 693 (7.1%) Blacks, 405 (4.2%) Asians, and 432 (4.4%) with other or unknown race. Regarding ethnicity, 889 (9.1%) were Hispanic. There were no substantial differences in RS or ESR1, PGR, or HER2 RNA expression by race or ethnicity. After adjustment for other covariates, compared with White race, Black race was associated with higher distant recurrence rates (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.07 to 2.41) and worse overall survival in the RS 11-25 cohort (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.15) and entire population (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.90). Hispanic ethnicity and Asian race were associated with better outcomes. There was no evidence of chemotherapy benefit for any racial or ethnic group in those with a RS of 11-25. CONCLUSIONS Black women had worse clinical outcomes despite similar 21-gene assay RS results and comparable systemic therapy in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment. Similar to Whites, Black women did not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy if the 21-gene RS was 11-25. Further research is required to elucidate the basis for this racial disparity in prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy S Albain
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Cardinal Bernadin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Della F Makower
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amir Faghih
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Science Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - John A Olson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracy Lively
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunil S Badve
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Lynne I Wagner
- Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry L Gomez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Abrams
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Sparano
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, Albain KS, Saphner TJ, Badve SS, Wagner LI, Kaklamani VG, Keane MM, Gomez HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Toppmeyer DL, Brufsky AM, Goetz MP, Berenberg JL, Mahalcioiu C, Desbiens C, Hayes DF, Dees EC, Geyer CE, Olson JA, Wood WC, Lively T, Paik S, Ellis MJ, Abrams J, Sledge GW. Clinical Outcomes in Early Breast Cancer With a High 21-Gene Recurrence Score of 26 to 100 Assigned to Adjuvant Chemotherapy Plus Endocrine Therapy: A Secondary Analysis of the TAILORx Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2020; 6:367-374. [PMID: 31566680 PMCID: PMC6777230 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance A high 21-gene recurrence score (RS) by breast cancer assay is prognostic for distant recurrence of early breast cancer after local therapy and endocrine therapy alone, and for chemotherapy benefit. Objective To describe clinical outcomes for women with a high RS who received adjuvant chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy in the TAILORx trial, a population expected to have a high distant recurrence rate with endocrine therapy alone. Design, Setting, and Participants In this secondary analysis of data from a multicenter randomized clinical trial, 1389 women with hormone receptor-positive, ERBB2-negative, axillary node-negative breast cancer, and a high RS of 26 to 100 were prospectively assigned to receive adjuvant chemotherapy in addition to endocrine therapy. The analysis was conducted on May 12, 2019. Interventions The adjuvant chemotherapy regimen was selected by the treating physician. Main Outcomes and Measures Freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site, and freedom from recurrence, second primary cancer, and death (also known as invasive disease-free survival [IDFS]). Results Among the 9719 eligible women, with a mean age of 56 years (range 23-75 years), 1389 (14%) had a recurrence score of 26 to 100, of whom 598 (42%) had an RS of 26 to 30 and 791 (58%) had an RS of 31 to 100. The most common chemotherapy regimens included docetaxel/cyclophosphamide in 589 (42%), an anthracycline without a taxane in 334 (24%), an anthracycline and taxane in 244 (18%), cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil in 52 (4%), other regimens in 81 (6%), and no chemotherapy in 89 (6%). At 5 years, the estimated rate of freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site was 93.0% (standard error [SE], 0.8%), freedom of recurrence of breast cancer at a distant and/or local regional site 91.0% (SE, 0.8%), IDFS 87.6% (SE, 1.0%), and overall survival 95.9% (SE, 0.6%). Conclusions and Relevance The estimated rate of freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site in women with an RS of 26 to 100 treated largely with taxane and/or anthracycline-containing adjuvant chemotherapy regimens plus endocrine therapy in the prospective TAILORx trial was 93% at 5 years, an outcome better than expected with endocrine therapy alone in this population. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00310180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Sparano
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Della F Makower
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Thomas J Saphner
- Aurora Cancer Center (formerly Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic), Two Rivers, Wisconsin
| | | | - Lynne I Wagner
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- (now at) Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Virginia G Kaklamani
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- (now at) University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | | | - Henry L Gomez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles E Geyer
- the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond
| | - John A Olson
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- (now at) University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | - Tracy Lively
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- NSABP Pathology Office, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- (now at) Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
- (now at) Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Abrams
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George W Sledge
- Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis
- (now at) Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Ravdin PM, Makower DF, Pritchard KI, Albain KS, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, Dees EC, Goetz MP, Olson JA, Lively T, Badve SS, Saphner TJ, Wagner LI, Whelan TJ, Ellis MJ, Paik S, Wood WC, Keane MM, Gomez Moreno HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky AM, Toppmeyer DL, Kaklamani VG, Berenberg JL, Abrams J, Sledge GW. Clinical and Genomic Risk to Guide the Use of Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2395-2405. [PMID: 31157962 PMCID: PMC6709671 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1904819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer may be guided by clinicopathological factors and a score based on a 21-gene assay to determine the risk of recurrence. Whether the level of clinical risk of breast cancer recurrence adds prognostic information to the recurrence score is not known. METHODS We performed a prospective trial involving 9427 women with hormone-receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, axillary node-negative breast cancer, in whom an assay of 21 genes had been performed, and we classified the clinical risk of recurrence of breast cancer as low or high on the basis of the tumor size and histologic grade. The effect of clinical risk was evaluated by calculating hazard ratios for distant recurrence with the use of Cox proportional-hazards models. The initial endocrine therapy was tamoxifen alone in the majority of the premenopausal women who were 50 years of age or younger. RESULTS The level of clinical risk was prognostic of distant recurrence in women with an intermediate 21-gene recurrence score of 11 to 25 (on a scale of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a worse prognosis or a greater potential benefit from chemotherapy) who were randomly assigned to endocrine therapy (hazard ratio for the comparison of high vs. low clinical risk, 2.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93 to 3.87) or to chemotherapy plus endocrine (chemoendocrine) therapy (hazard ratio, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.66 to 3.48) and in women with a high recurrence score (a score of 26 to 100), all of whom were assigned to chemoendocrine therapy (hazard ratio, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.94 to 5.19). Among women who were 50 years of age or younger who had received endocrine therapy alone, the estimated (±SE) rate of distant recurrence at 9 years was less than 5% (≤1.8±0.9%) with a low recurrence score (a score of 0 to 10), irrespective of clinical risk, and 4.7±1.0% with an intermediate recurrence score and low clinical risk. In this age group, the estimated distant recurrence at 9 years exceeded 10% among women with a high clinical risk and an intermediate recurrence score who received endocrine therapy alone (12.3±2.4%) and among those with a high recurrence score who received chemoendocrine therapy (15.2±3.3%). CONCLUSIONS Clinical-risk stratification provided prognostic information that, when added to the 21-gene recurrence score, could be used to identify premenopausal women who could benefit from more effective therapy. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00310180.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Sparano
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Robert J Gray
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Peter M Ravdin
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Della F Makower
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Kathleen I Pritchard
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Kathy S Albain
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Charles E Geyer
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Elizabeth C Dees
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - John A Olson
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Tracy Lively
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Sunil S Badve
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Thomas J Saphner
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Lynne I Wagner
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Timothy J Whelan
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - William C Wood
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Maccon M Keane
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Henry L Gomez Moreno
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Pavan S Reddy
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Timothy F Goggins
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Ingrid A Mayer
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Deborah L Toppmeyer
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Virginia G Kaklamani
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey L Berenberg
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey Abrams
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - George W Sledge
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O., J.A.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and the University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
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Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, Lively TG, Saphner TJ, Keane MM, Gomez HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Toppmeyer D, Brufsky A, Goetz MP, Hayes DF, Dees EC, Pritchard KI, Geyer CE, Olson JA, Albain KS, Sledge GW. Impact of clinical risk category on prognosis and prediction of chemotherapy benefit in early breast cancer (EBC) by age and the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) in TAILORx. J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
503 Background: TAILORx established that endocrine therapy (ET) alone is non-inferior to adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) plus ET in EBC and a 21-gene RS of 11-25, with some benefit if ≤50 years (y) with RS 16-25 (PMID: 29860917). We evaluated whether clinical risk (tumor size & histologic grade) provides additional prognostic information to RS, a secondary trial objective. Methods: Clinical risk by was assessed by Adjuvant! (version 8.0) using MINDACT criteria (PMID 27557300), defined as low clinical risk (LCR - tumor ≤3 cm and low grade, <2 cm and intermediate grade, or ≤1 cm and high grade) or high clinical risk (HCR -not meeting LCR criteria). Results: Of 9427 women with RS and clinical risk information, 70% were LCR and 30% HCR, with comparable distribution by age ( ≤50 vs. >50). The RS was 26-100 in 9% of LCR and 27% of HCR patients, with similar distributions by age. Although LCR/HCR provided additional prognostic information in each RS category for iDFS, including RS 0-10 (9-year rates 86.7% vs. 75.7% LCR vs. HCR), 11-25 (85.4% vs. 78.9%), and 26-100 (82.0% vs. 70.4%), iDFS rates were similar irrespective of CT (no vs. yes) in the entire RS 11-25 cohort whether LCR (85.8% vs. 85.1%) or HCR (79.8% vs. 77.9%). DRFI rates were also similar irrespective of CT in the RS 11-25 cohort or > 50y group whether LCR (96.0% vs. 96.1% overall; 96.5% vs. 96.0% > 50y) or HCR (92.3% vs. 89.9% overall; 91.7% vs. 90.7% >50y). For women ≤50y, the absolute reduction in distant recurrence from CT with a RS of 16-20 (N=923) was -0.2% (standard error [SE]±2.1%) for LCR vs. 6.5%(SE±4.9%) for HCR (vs. 1.6%[SE±1.9%] overall), whereas for a RS 21-25 (N=492) it was 6.4% (SE±4.9%) for LCR vs. 8.6% (SE±6.2%) for HCR (vs. 6.5%[SE±3.7%] overall). Conclusions: Clinical risk stratification provides additional prognostic information to the 21-gene RS, but not prediction of CT benefit in the overall TAILORx population or those > 50y, and facilitates more refined estimates of absolute CT benefit for women ≤50y with a RS 16-25. (Funded by National Cancer Institute, Komen Foundation, Breast Cancer Research Foundation). Clinical trial information: NCT00310180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Sparano
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Robert James Gray
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute-ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA
| | - Della F. Makower
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Maccon M. Keane
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Brufsky
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Division of Hematology Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Daniel F. Hayes
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Charles E. Geyer
- NSABP Foundation and Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA
| | - John A. Olson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathy S. Albain
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL
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5
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Albain K, Gray RJ, Sparano JA, Makower DF, Pritchard KI, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, Dees EC, Goetz MP, Olson JA, Lively T, Badve SS, Saphner TJ, Wagner LI, Whelan TJ, Ellis MJ, Paik S, Wood WC, Ravdin PM, Keane MM, Gomez HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky AM, Toppmeyer DL, Kaklamani VG, Berenberg JL, Abrams J, Sledge GW. Abstract GS4-07: Race, ethnicity and clinical outcomes in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer: results from the TAILORx trial. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-gs4-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Black race is associated with worse outcomes in localized hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer in population-based and in clinical trial cohorts, whether using self-identified race (Albain et al. JNCI 2009 [PMID: 19584328; Sparano et al. JNCI 2012 [PMID: 22250182) or genetically-identified race (Schneider et al. J Precision Oncol 2017 [PMID: 29333527]). This disparity persists after adjustment for treatment delivery parameters (Hershman et al. JCO 2009 [PMID:19307504]). We evaluated clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment delivered and clinical outcomes in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) by race and ethnicity (Sparano et al. NEJM 2018 [PMID: 29860917]).
Methods: The analysis included 9719 evaluable TAILORx participants. The association between clinical outcomes and race (white, black, Asian, other/unknown) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic) was examined, including invasive disease-free survival (iDFS), distant relapse-free interval (DRFI), relapse-free interval (RFI), and overall survival (OS). Proportional hazards models were fit including age (5 categories), tumor size (>2 cm vs. <=2 cm), histologic grade (high vs. medium vs. low vs. unknown), continuous recurrence score (RS), race, and ethnicity in the overall population and randomized treatment arms in the RS 11-25 cohort.
Results: The study population included 8189 (84%) whites, 693 (7%) blacks, 405 (4%) Asians, and 432 (4%) with other/unknown race. Regarding ethnicity, 7635 (79%) were non-Hispanic, 889 (9%) Hispanic, and 1195 (12%) unknown. There was no significant difference in RS distribution (p=0.22) in blacks compared with whites, or in median (17 vs. 17) or mean RS (19.1 vs. 18.2). There was likewise no difference in Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic ethnicity for RS distribution (p=0.72) or median (17 vs. 17) or mean RS (18.5 vs. 18.0). Black race (39% vs. 30%) and Hispanic ethnicity (39% vs. 30%) were both associated with younger age (</=50 years) at diagnosis. The use and type of adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, and duration of endocrine therapy, were similar in black (vs. white) and Hispanic (vs. non-Hispanic) populations. In proportional hazards models, black race (compared with white race) was associated with worse clinical outcomes in the entire population and in those with a RS 11-25 (see table). Hispanic ethnicity was generally associated with better outcomes (compared with non-Hispanic ethnicity). For the cohort with a RS of 11-25, there was no evidence for chemotherapy benefit for any racial or ethnic group.
Race (black vs.white) and clinical outcomes in proportional hazards modelsClinical endpointEntire Population (N=693 black) Hazard ratio for eventRS 11-25 (N=471 black) Hazard ratio for eveniDFS1.33 (p=0.005)1.49 (p=0.001)DRFI1.21 (p=0.28)1.60 (p=0.02)RFI1.39 (p=0.02)1.80 (p<0.001)OS1.52 (p=0.005)1.67 (p=0.003
Conclusions: In patients eligible and selected for participation in TAILORx, black women had worse clinical outcomes despite similar 21-gene assay RS results and comparable systemic therapy. This adds to an emerging body of evidence suggesting a biologic basis or other factors contributing to racial disparities in HR-positive breast cancer that requires further evaluation.
Citation Format: Albain K, Gray RJ, Sparano JA, Makower DF, Pritchard KI, Hayes DF, Geyer, Jr. CE, Dees EC, Goetz MP, Olson, Jr. JA, Lively T, Badve SS, Saphner TJ, Wagner LI, Whelan TJ, Ellis MJ, Paik S, Wood WC, Ravdin PM, Keane MM, Gomez HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky AM, Toppmeyer DL, Kaklamani VG, Berenberg JL, Abrams J, Sledge, Jr. GW. Race, ethnicity and clinical outcomes in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer: results from the TAILORx trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS4-07.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Albain
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - RJ Gray
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - JA Sparano
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - DF Makower
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - KI Pritchard
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - DF Hayes
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - CE Geyer
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - EC Dees
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - MP Goetz
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - JA Olson
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - T Lively
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - SS Badve
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - TJ Saphner
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - LI Wagner
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - TJ Whelan
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - MJ Ellis
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - S Paik
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - WC Wood
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - PM Ravdin
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - MM Keane
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - HL Gomez
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - PS Reddy
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - TF Goggins
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - IA Mayer
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - AM Brufsky
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - DL Toppmeyer
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - VG Kaklamani
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - JL Berenberg
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - J Abrams
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
| | - GW Sledge
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers, WI; Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston Salem, NC; McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Emory University, Atlanta, GA; , San Antonio, TX; Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; C
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Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, Pritchard KI, Albain KS, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, Dees EC, Goetz MP, Olson JA, Lively T, Badve SS, Saphner TJ, Wagner LI, Whelan TJ, Ellis MJ, Paik S, Wood WC, Ravdin PM, Keane MM, Gomez Moreno HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky AM, Toppmeyer DL, Kaklamani VG, Berenberg JL, Abrams J, Sledge GW. Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guided by a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:111-121. [PMID: 29860917 PMCID: PMC6172658 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1804710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1329] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recurrence score based on the 21-gene breast cancer assay predicts chemotherapy benefit if it is high and a low risk of recurrence in the absence of chemotherapy if it is low; however, there is uncertainty about the benefit of chemotherapy for most patients, who have a midrange score. METHODS We performed a prospective trial involving 10,273 women with hormone-receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, axillary node-negative breast cancer. Of the 9719 eligible patients with follow-up information, 6711 (69%) had a midrange recurrence score of 11 to 25 and were randomly assigned to receive either chemoendocrine therapy or endocrine therapy alone. The trial was designed to show noninferiority of endocrine therapy alone for invasive disease-free survival (defined as freedom from invasive disease recurrence, second primary cancer, or death). RESULTS Endocrine therapy was noninferior to chemoendocrine therapy in the analysis of invasive disease-free survival (hazard ratio for invasive disease recurrence, second primary cancer, or death [endocrine vs. chemoendocrine therapy], 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.94 to 1.24; P=0.26). At 9 years, the two treatment groups had similar rates of invasive disease-free survival (83.3% in the endocrine-therapy group and 84.3% in the chemoendocrine-therapy group), freedom from disease recurrence at a distant site (94.5% and 95.0%) or at a distant or local-regional site (92.2% and 92.9%), and overall survival (93.9% and 93.8%). The chemotherapy benefit for invasive disease-free survival varied with the combination of recurrence score and age (P=0.004), with some benefit of chemotherapy found in women 50 years of age or younger with a recurrence score of 16 to 25. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant endocrine therapy and chemoendocrine therapy had similar efficacy in women with hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative, axillary node-negative breast cancer who had a midrange 21-gene recurrence score, although some benefit of chemotherapy was found in some women 50 years of age or younger. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and others; TAILORx ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00310180 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Sparano
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Robert J Gray
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Della F Makower
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Kathleen I Pritchard
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Kathy S Albain
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Charles E Geyer
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Elizabeth C Dees
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - John A Olson
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Tracy Lively
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Sunil S Badve
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Thomas J Saphner
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Lynne I Wagner
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Timothy J Whelan
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - William C Wood
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Peter M Ravdin
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Maccon M Keane
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Henry L Gomez Moreno
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Pavan S Reddy
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Timothy F Goggins
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Ingrid A Mayer
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Deborah L Toppmeyer
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Virginia G Kaklamani
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey L Berenberg
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey Abrams
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
| | - George W Sledge
- From Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.), and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), and Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.) - both in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.P.G.); National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (T.L., J.A.); Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.), Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Pathology Office (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.), Pittsburgh; Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); University of Texas, San Antonio (P.M.R.); Cancer Trials Ireland, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); and University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.)
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Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Wood WC, Makower DF, Lively TG, Saphner TJ, Keane MM, Gomez HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Toppmeyer D, Brufsky A, Goetz MP, Hayes DF, Dees EC, Pritchard KI, Geyer CE, Olson JA, Sledge GW. TAILORx: Phase III trial of chemoendocrine therapy versus endocrine therapy alone in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer and an intermediate prognosis 21-gene recurrence score. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.18_suppl.lba1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LBA1 Background: In hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-negative, axillary node (AN)-negative breast cancer, the 21-gene expression assay (Oncotype DX Recurrence Score [RS]) is prognostic for distant recurrence, prognostic for low recurrence with endocrine therapy alone if low (0-10), and predictive of chemotherapy benefit if high (26 or higher). We performed a prospective, randomized trial of endocrine therapy (ET) versus chemoendocrine therapy (CET) in women with a mid-range RS of 11-25. Methods: Eligibility criteria included women 18-75 years of age with HR-positive, HER2-negative, axillary node (AN)-negative breast cancer and tumors 1.1-5.0 cm in size (or 0.6-1.0 cm and int/high grade) and agreed to have chemotherapy assigned or randomized based on the RS. Women with a mid-range RS (11-25) were randomized to receive ET or CET. The primary endpoint was invasive disease-free survival (iDFS), and the trial was designed to show non-inferiority for ET alone by not rejecting equality (hazard ratio [HR] margin up to 1.322 for omission of chemotherapy, 1-sided type I error rate 10%, type II error rate 5%). The target sample size was adjusted to compensate for non-adherence to randomized treatment, and the protocol-specified final analysis was triggered after 835 iDFS events. Results: Of the 10,253 eligible women enrolled between 4/7/06-10/6/10, 6711 (65.5%) had a RS of 11-25 and adequate information. There were 836 iDFS events at final analysis with a median followup of 90 months. ET was non-inferior to CET for iDFS (HR 1.08, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.94, 1.24, p=0.26) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. ET was also non-inferior for distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI; HR 1.03, p=0.80), recurrence-free interval (RFI; HR 1.12, p=0.28), and overall survival (OS; HR 0.97, p=0.80). Nine year rates were similar for iDFS (83.3% vs. 84.3%), DRFI (94.5% vs. 95.0%), RFI (92.2% vs. 92.9%), and OS (93.9% vs. 93.8%). Recurrence accounted for 338 (41.6%) the first iDFS event, of which 199 (23.8%) were distant recurrences. Treatment interaction tests were significant for age (iDFS p=0.03; RFI p= 0.02), but not menopause, tumor size, grade, or RS (continuous or RS 11-15, 16-20, 21-25). Conclusions: In women with HR-positive, HER2-negative, AN-negative breast cancer and a RS of 11-25, adjuvant ET was not inferior to CET in the ITT analysis. (Funded by NCI, BCRF, and Komen Foundation.) Clinical trial information: NCT00310180.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Brufsky
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Division of Hematology Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Daniel F. Hayes
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Charles E. Geyer
- Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA
| | - John A. Olson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, Pritchard KI, Albain KS, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, Dees EC, Perez EA, Olson JA, Zujewski J, Lively T, Badve SS, Saphner TJ, Wagner LI, Whelan TJ, Ellis MJ, Paik S, Wood WC, Ravdin P, Keane MM, Gomez Moreno HL, Reddy PS, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky AM, Toppmeyer DL, Kaklamani VG, Atkins JN, Berenberg JL, Sledge GW. Prospective Validation of a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2005-14. [PMID: 26412349 PMCID: PMC4701034 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1510764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 932] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies with the use of a prospective-retrospective design including archival tumor samples have shown that gene-expression assays provide clinically useful prognostic information. However, a prospectively conducted study in a uniformly treated population provides the highest level of evidence supporting the clinical validity and usefulness of a biomarker. METHODS We performed a prospective trial involving women with hormone-receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-negative, axillary node-negative breast cancer with tumors of 1.1 to 5.0 cm in the greatest dimension (or 0.6 to 1.0 cm in the greatest dimension and intermediate or high tumor grade) who met established guidelines for the consideration of adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of clinicopathologic features. A reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay of 21 genes was performed on the paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, and the results were used to calculate a score indicating the risk of breast-cancer recurrence; patients were assigned to receive endocrine therapy without chemotherapy if they had a recurrence score of 0 to 10, indicating a very low risk of recurrence (on a scale of 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of recurrence). RESULTS Of the 10,253 eligible women enrolled, 1626 women (15.9%) who had a recurrence score of 0 to 10 were assigned to receive endocrine therapy alone without chemotherapy. At 5 years, in this patient population, the rate of invasive disease-free survival was 93.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.4 to 94.9), the rate of freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site was 99.3% (95% CI, 98.7 to 99.6), the rate of freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant or local-regional site was 98.7% (95% CI, 97.9 to 99.2), and the rate of overall survival was 98.0% (95% CI, 97.1 to 98.6). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative, axillary node-negative breast cancer who met established guidelines for the recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of clinicopathologic features, those with tumors that had a favorable gene-expression profile had very low rates of recurrence at 5 years with endocrine therapy alone. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00310180.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Sparano
- From the Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.A.S., D.F.M.); Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (R.J.G.); Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (K.I.P.) and Juravinski Cancer Center, Hamilton, ON (T.J.W.) - both in Canada; Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood (K.S.A.), and Northwestern University, Chicago (L.I.W., V.G.K.) - both in Illinois; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (D.F.H.); Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond (C.E.G.); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (E.C.D.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.A.O.), Wake Forest University Health Service, Winston-Salem (L.I.W.), and Southeast Clinical Oncology Research Consortium, Goldsboro (J.N.A.) - all in North Carolina; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (E.A.P.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (J.A.O.), and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (J.Z., T.L.) - both in Maryland; Indiana University School of Medicine (S.S.B.) and Indiana University Hospital (G.W.S.) - both in Indianapolis; Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic, Two Rivers (T.J.S.), and Fox Valley Hematology and Oncology, Appleton (T.F.G.) - both in Wisconsin; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (M.J.E.), and University of Texas, San Antonio (P.R.) - both in Texas; Washington University, St. Louis (M.J.E.); Allegheny General Hospital (S.P.) and University of Pittsburgh (A.M.B.) - both in Pittsburgh; the Department of Medical Oncology and Breast Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.P.); Emory University, Atlanta (W.C.W.); Irish Clinical Oncology Research Group, Dublin (M.M.K.); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru (H.L.G.M.); Cancer Center of Kansas, Wichita (P.S.R.); Vanderbilt University, Nashville (I.A.M.); Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick (D.L.T.); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu (J.L.B.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (G.W.S.)
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Zlobinsky Rubinstein MM, Gray RJ, Sparano JA, Zujewski J, Whelan TJ, Albain KS, Hayes DF, Geyer CE, Dees EC, Perez EA, Keane MM, Vallejos C, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky A, Toppmeyer D, Kaklamani VG, Atkins JN, Berenberg JL, Sledge GW. Recurrence score and clinicopathologic characteristics of TAILORx participants by race and ethnicity. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathy S. Albain
- NRG Oncology/NSABP, SWOG, and Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Daniel F. Hayes
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Charles E. Geyer
- Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Brufsky
- NRG Oncology/NSABP, and Magee Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
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Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Zujewski JA, Whelan TJ, Albain KS, Hayes D, Geyer CE, Dees EC, Perez EA, Keane MM, Vallejos Sologuren C, Goggins TF, Mayer IA, Brufsky A, Toppmeyer DL, Kaklamani VG, Atkins JN, Berenberg JL, Sledge GW. Recurrence score and clinicopathologic characteristics of TAILORx participants by race and ethnicity. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.26_suppl.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
36 Background: Black race is associated with worse outcomes in localized breast cancer. We evaluated the characteristics of patients enrolled in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) by race and ethnicity. Methods: The analysis included 10,071 evaluable patients with Recurrence Score (RS) data. Eligibility criteria included: (1) T1-2, N0 disease, (2) estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive disease that was also HER2/neu negative, (3) age 75 years or younger and medically appropriate for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. Results: The study population included 8,501 whites (84%), 722 blacks (7%), 423 Asians (4%), and the remainder other/unknown race. With regard to ethnicity, 7,916 were nonHispanic (79%), 919 were Hispanic (9%), and 1,236 were of unreported ethnicity (12%). There was no significant difference in RS distribution (p = 0.14), median RS (17 vs. 17), and mean RS (19.6 vs. 18.4) in blacks compared with nonblacks. There was likewise no difference in Hispanic vs. nonHispanic ethnicity for RS distribution (p = 0.53), median RS (17 vs. 17), and mean RS (18.6 vs. 18.4). Blacks were significantly more likely to be younger (39% vs. 30% < 50 years), have larger tumors (37% vs. 31% > 2 cm), poor histologic grade (25% vs. 17%), and PR-negative disease (14% vs. 10%) (Chi square test p < 0.05). Hispanic women were also significantly younger (39% vs. 30% < 50 years), and demonstrated marginal but statistically significant differences in tumor size (65% vs. 69% > 2 cm), histologic grade (20% vs. 18% poor), and PR expression (12% vs. 10% negative) (Chi square test < 0.05). In 974 patients with information on body mass index (BMI), there was no correlation between BMI and RS (r = -0.04). BMI was higher for blacks than whites (medians 31.6 vs. 28.9, p = 0.02, Wilcoxon test), but not in Hispanics. Conclusions: In patients selected for participation in TAILORx there were no significant differences in RS by race, ethnicity, and BMI. Black and Hispanic patients were significantly younger, and blacks had tumors that were larger and more likely to be associated with poor grade. Clinical trial information: NCT00310180.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jo Anne Zujewski
- National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Daniel Hayes
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - Maccon M. Keane
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Adam Brufsky
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Abstract
Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD) is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant. T cell depletion has been recognized as a method of reducing the incidence of GVHD in allogeneic transplants. Until recently, most T cell depletion methods were non-selective in reducing lymphocytes. Rhodamine purging is one method, which selectively reduces alloreactive T cells preventing GVHD. We review here the methods of non-selective and selective T cell depletion, particularly the newer method of photodynamic purging utilizing rhodamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Goggins
- Hematology-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Ste. 1100, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduced intensity of nonmyeloablative stem cell transplant (NMSCT) has enabled older patients to benefit from allogeneic therapy. Identification of suitable donors remains an obstacle. The use of alternative donors for stem cell therapy is essential to ensure broad applicability of allogeneic therapy. METHODS Clinical results using alternative hematopoietic stem cell donors are reviewed, including matched unrelated donors, partially matched family member donors, and unrelated partially matched umbilical cord blood. RESULTS The successful use of NMSCT in the treatment of hematologic and nonhematologic diseases has increased the number of patients capable of receiving allogeneic therapy. However, the stem cell donor pool remains limited due to the infrequent number of patients with matched siblings. CONCLUSIONS The use of alternative donor stem cell sources can expand the number of patients able to receive allogeneic therapy. Preliminary studies indicate that the use of alternative donors can provide reliable engraftment, although graft-vs-host disease remains a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Goggins
- Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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