Slit-surface electrospinning: a novel process developed for high-throughput fabrication of core-sheath fibers

In this work, we report on the development of slit-surface electrospinning – a process that co-localizes two solutions along a slit surface to spontaneously emit multiple core-sheath cone-jets at rates of up to 1 L/h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that production of electrospun core-sheath fibers has been scaled to this magnitude. Fibers produced in this study were defect-free (i.e. non-beaded) and core-sheath geometry was visually confirmed under scanning electron microscopy. The versatility of our system was demonstrated by fabrication of (1) fibers encapsulating a drug, (2) bicomponent fibers, (3) hollow fibers, and (4) fibers from a polymer that is not normally electrospinnable. Additionally, we demonstrate control of the process by modulating parameters such as flow rate, solution viscosity, and fixture design. The technological achievements demonstrated in this work significantly advance core-sheath electrospinning towards commercial and manufacturing viability.

Development of a lethal, closed-abdomen grade V hepato-portal injury model in non-coagulopathic swine

BACKGROUND

Hemorrhage within an intact abdominal cavity remains a leading cause of preventable death on the battlefield. Despite this need, there is no existing closed-cavity animal model to assess new hemostatic agents for the preoperative control of intra-abdominal hemorrhage.

METHODS

We developed a novel, lethal liver injury model in non-coagulopathic swine by strategic placement of two wire loops in the medial liver lobes including the hepatic and portal veins. Distraction resulted in grade V liver laceration with hepato-portal injury, massive bleeding, and severe hypotension. Crystalloid resuscitation was started once mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell below 65 mm Hg. Monitoring continued for up to 180 min.

RESULTS

We demonstrated 90% lethality (9/10) in swine receiving injury and fluid resuscitation, with a mean survival time of 43 min. Previous efforts in our laboratory to develop a consistently lethal swine model of abdominal solid organs, including preemptive anticoagulation, a two-hit injury with controlled hemorrhage prior to liver trauma, and the injury described above without resuscitation, consistently failed to result in lethal injury.

CONCLUSION

This model can be used to screen other interventions for pre hospital control of noncompressible.

Intracoronary delivery of mesenchymal stem cells at high flow rates after myocardial infarction improves distal coronary blood flow and decreases mortality in pigs

OBJECTIVES

Evaluate the effects of pressure and duration of intracoronary (IC) infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on delivery efficiency and safety after myocardial infarction (MI).

BACKGROUND

Standard IC delivery of MSCs can lead to intravascular plugging and reduced coronary blood flow. The optimal delivery pressure and duration is unknown.

METHODS

Immediately after MI pigs were randomized to 1 of 3 delivery protocols of 5 x 10(7) iron-fluorescent microspheres labeled MSCs, control received 2 ml infusions at 1 ml/min (five times), very high flow rate (VHFR) a single 10 ml infusion at 60 ml/min and the high flow rate (HFR) group a single 10 ml infusion at 20 ml/min. TIMI grade flow was assessed throughout the procedure and at sacrifice (day 14). MSCs distribution was analyzed in isolated hearts by 4.7T MRI. Delivery efficiency was quantified via fluorescent microsphere recovery using a magnetic separation technique and by light microscopy.

RESULTS

TIMI grade flow did not change following MI (all groups TIMI 3). However, following MSCs delivery only 18% (2/11) of control animals had TIMI 3 blood flow vs. 56% (5/9) in VHFR and 67% (4/6) in HFR (P = 0.03). As a consequence, 63% of control animals died within 24 hr, 33% in VHFR and none in HFR (P = 0.02). MSCs delivery in the infarct tissue did not differ between the groups (P = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS

A single MSCs infusion at 20 ml/min resulted in improved coronary blood flow and decreased mortality, without sacrificing delivery efficiency.

Repeated direct endomyocardial transplantation of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: safety of a high dose, "off-the-shelf", cellular cardiomyoplasty strategy

BACKGROUND

Efficacy of cellular cardiomyoplasty seems to occur in a dose-related manner. However, the safety of multiple transendomyocardial transplantation procedures to administer high cell dosages has not been previously reported. The aims of this study were to assess the short- and intermediate-term results of a repeated cell administration strategy and evaluate the safety of an "off-the-shelf" allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) source.

METHODS

Porcine bone marrow-derived MSCs were culture-expanded through three cycles in vitro before transplantation. Yorkshire swine weighing 30-40 kg were allocated to receive the total dose during 1 injection procedure or divided over 2 procedures separated by 14 days, as follows: (i) 400x10(6) allogeneic MSC (n=5), (ii) 800x10(6) allogeneic MSC divided in 2 doses (n=5), (iii) cryopreservant vehicle containing 10% DMSO, 5% porcine serum and 85% PlasmaLyte A, 14 days apart (n=2), or (iv) sterile saline 14 days apart (n=2). During each procedure, twenty 0.5 ml aliquots of the assigned injectant were administered using the Stiletto Endocardial Direct Injection Catheter System, targeting at the left ventricular anterior, septal and lateral walls under fluoroscopy. Vital signs and electrocardiograms were recorded during the procedure and at 24 h. The animals were examined daily and cardiac enzymes were measured immediately post-procedure, and on days 1, 15 and 90. Necropsy and histopathology were performed at day 90.

RESULTS

Mean transendocardial injection procedure time was 40+/-10 min. All ventricular target areas were accessed by the Stiletto system. Ventricular ectopic beats and/or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia associated with catheter contact or endomyocardial injections were observed in all cases. However, no sustained ventricular arrhythmia, anaphylaxis, or significant cardiac enzyme release was seen. One mortality resulted from air embolism during the procedure. All other swine survived from the time of recovery until planned sacrifice at day 90 and had normal physical examination findings. The 3-month histopathology showed no evidence of rejection, calcification, teratoma or myocardial infarction.

CONCLUSION

Repeated endomyocardial transplantation of high dose, bone marrow-derived allogeneic cells appeared safe in a large animal, human surrogate model. Such cellular cardiomyoplasty strategy warrants further investigation.

A quantitative, randomized study evaluating three methods of mesenchymal stem cell delivery following myocardial infarction

AIMS

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), rare bone marrow-derived stem cell precursors of non-haematopoietic tissues, have shown promise in potentially repairing infarcted myocardium. These and similar cell types are being tested clinically, but understanding of delivery and subsequent biodistribution is lacking. This study was designed to quantitatively compare MSC engraftment rates after intravenous (IV), intracoronary (IC), or endocardial (EC) delivery in a porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Allogeneic, male MSCs were cultured from porcine bone marrow aspirates. Iridium nanoparticles were added during culturing and internalized by the MSCs. An MI was induced in female swine (27-40 kg in size) by prolonged balloon occlusion of the mid-left anterior descending artery. Animals (n = 6 per group) were randomized to one of three delivery methods. Cellular engraftment was determined 14+/-3 days post-delivery by measuring ex-vivo the iridium nanoparticle concentration in the infarct. Confirmation of cellular engraftment utilized both DiI and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) labelling techniques. During MSC infusion, no adverse events were noted. However, following IC infusion, half of the pigs exhibited decreased blood flow distal to the infusion site. At 14 days, the mean number of engrafted cells within the infarct zone was significantly greater (P< or =0.01) following IC infusion than either EC injection or IV infusion and EC engraftment was greater than IV engraftment (P< or =0.01). There was less systemic delivery to the lungs following [EC vs. IV (P = 0.02), EC vs. IC (P = 0.06)]. Both DiI and FISH labelling demonstrated the presence of engrafted male MSCs within the female infarcted tissue.

CONCLUSION

IC and EC injection of MSCs post-MI resulted in increased engraftment within infarcted tissue when compared with IV infusion, and IC was more efficient than EC. However, IC delivery was also associated with a higher incidence of decreased coronary blood flow. EC delivery into acutely infarcted myocardial tissue was safe and well tolerated and was associated with decreased remote organ engraftment with compared with IC and IV deliveries.