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Antoine E, Marquer L, Muigg B, Tegel W, Bisson U, Bolliger M, Herzig F, Heussner KU, Hofmann J, Kontic R, Kyncl T, Land A, Lechterbeck J, Leuschner HH, Linderholm HW, Neyses-Eiden M, Rösch M, Rzepecki A, Walder F, Weidemüller J, Westphal T, Seim A. Legacy of last millennium timber use on plant cover in Central Europe: Insights from tree rings and pollen. Sci Total Environ 2024; 922:171157. [PMID: 38412879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Throughout history, humans have relied on wood for constructions, tool production or as an energy source. How and to what extent these human activities have impacted plant abundance and composition over a long-term perspective is, however, not well known. To address this knowledge gap, we combined 44,239 precisely dated tree-ring samples from economically and ecologically important tree species (spruce, fir, pine, oak) from historical buildings, and pollen-based plant cover estimates using the REVEALS model from 169 records for a total of 34 1° × 1° grid cells for Central Europe. Building activity and REVEALS estimates were compared for the entire study region (4-15°E, 46-51°N), and for low (<500 m asl) and mid/high elevations (≥500 m asl) in 100-year time windows over the period 1150-1850. Spruce and oak were more widely used in wooden constructions, amounting to 35 % and 32 %, respectively, compared to pine and fir. Besides wood properties and species abundance, tree diameters of harvested individuals, being similar for all four species, were found to be the most crucial criterion for timber selection throughout the last millennium. Regarding land use changes, from the 1150-1250's onwards, forest cover generally decreased due to deforestation until 1850, especially at lower elevations, resulting in a more heterogeneous landscape. The period 1650-1750 marks a distinct change in the environmental history of Central Europe; increasing agriculture and intense forest management practices were introduced to meet the high demands of an increasing population and intensifying industrialization, causing a decrease in palynological diversity, especially at low elevations. Likely the characteristic vegetation structure and composition of contemporary landscapes originated from that period. We further show that land use has impacted vegetation composition and diversity at an increasing speed leading to a general homogenization of landscapes through time, highlighting the limited environmental benefits of even-aged plantation forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Antoine
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laurent Marquer
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Muigg
- Amt für Archäologie, Kanton Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland; Forest History, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Willy Tegel
- Amt für Archäologie, Kanton Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland; Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ugo Bisson
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Bolliger
- Archaeological Service of Canton Bern, Prehistoric- and Underwaterarchaeology, Dendrochronology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franz Herzig
- Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection, Thierhaupten, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Hofmann
- Jahrringlabor Hofmann und Reichle, Nürtingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexander Land
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology (190a), Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Hanns Hubert Leuschner
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans W Linderholm
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mechthild Neyses-Eiden
- State of Rhineland-Palatinate Museum Trier, Laboratory of Dendrochronology, Trier, Germany
| | - Manfred Rösch
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rzepecki
- State of Rhineland-Palatinate Museum Trier, Laboratory of Dendrochronology, Trier, Germany
| | - Felix Walder
- Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Weidemüller
- Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection, Thierhaupten, Germany
| | - Thorsten Westphal
- Laboratory of Dendroarchaeology, Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Seim
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Ljungqvist FC, Seim A, Tegel W, Krusic PJ, Baittinger C, Belingard C, Bernabei M, Bonde N, Borghaerts P, Couturier Y, Crone A, van Daalen S, Daly A, Doeve P, Domínguez-Delmás M, Edouard JL, Frank T, Ginzler C, Grabner M, Gschwind FM, Haneca K, Hansson A, Herzig F, Heussner KU, Hofmann J, Houbrechts D, Kaczka RJ, Kolář T, Kontic R, Kyncl T, Labbas V, Lagerås P, Le Digol Y, Le Roy M, Leuschner HH, Linderson H, Ludlow F, Marais A, Mills CM, Neyses-Eiden M, Nicolussi K, Perrault C, Pfeifer K, Rybníček M, Rzepecki A, Schmidhalter M, Seifert M, Shindo L, Spyt B, Susperregi J, Svarva HL, Thun T, Walder F, Ważny T, Werthe E, Westphal T, Wilson R, Büntgen U. Regional Patterns of Late Medieval and Early Modern European Building Activity Revealed by Felling Dates. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.825751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although variations in building activity are a useful indicator of societal well-being and demographic development, historical datasets for larger regions and longer periods are still rare. Here, we present 54,045 annually precise dendrochronological felling dates from historical construction timber from across most of Europe between 1250 and 1699 CE to infer variations in building activity. We use geostatistical techniques to compare spatiotemporal dynamics in past European building activity against independent demographic, economic, social and climatic data. We show that the felling dates capture major geographical patterns of demographic trends, especially in regions with dense data coverage. A particularly strong negative association is found between grain prices and the number of felling dates. In addition, a significant positive association is found between the number of felling dates and mining activity. These strong associations, with well-known macro-economic indicators from pre-industrial Europe, corroborate the use of felling dates as an independent source for exploring large-scale fluctuations of societal well-being and demographic development. Three prominent examples are the building boom in the Hanseatic League region of northeastern Germany during the 13th century, the onset of the Late Medieval Crisis in much of Europe c. 1300, and the cessation of building activity in large parts of central Europe during armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648 CE). Despite new insights gained from our European-wide felling date inventory, further studies are needed to investigate changes in construction activity of high versus low status buildings, and of urban versus rural buildings, and to compare those results with a variety of historical documentary sources and natural proxy archives.
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3
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Büntgen U, Wacker L, Galván JD, Arnold S, Arseneault D, Baillie M, Beer J, Bernabei M, Bleicher N, Boswijk G, Bräuning A, Carrer M, Ljungqvist FC, Cherubini P, Christl M, Christie DA, Clark PW, Cook ER, D'Arrigo R, Davi N, Eggertsson Ó, Esper J, Fowler AM, Gedalof Z, Gennaretti F, Grießinger J, Grissino-Mayer H, Grudd H, Gunnarson BE, Hantemirov R, Herzig F, Hessl A, Heussner KU, Jull AJT, Kukarskih V, Kirdyanov A, Kolář T, Krusic PJ, Kyncl T, Lara A, LeQuesne C, Linderholm HW, Loader NJ, Luckman B, Miyake F, Myglan VS, Nicolussi K, Oppenheimer C, Palmer J, Panyushkina I, Pederson N, Rybníček M, Schweingruber FH, Seim A, Sigl M, Churakova Sidorova O, Speer JH, Synal HA, Tegel W, Treydte K, Villalba R, Wiles G, Wilson R, Winship LJ, Wunder J, Yang B, Young GHF. Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3605. [PMID: 30190505 PMCID: PMC6127282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric radiocarbon enrichment events of cosmogenic origin leave spatiotemporally consistent fingerprints. Here we measure the 14C content in 484 individual tree rings formed in the periods 770–780 and 990–1000 CE. Distinct 14C excursions starting in the boreal summer of 774 and the boreal spring of 993 ensure the precise dating of 44 tree-ring records from five continents. We also identify a meridional decline of 11-year mean atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations across both hemispheres. Corroborated by historical eye-witness accounts of red auroras, our results suggest a global exposure to strong solar proton radiation. To improve understanding of the return frequency and intensity of past cosmic events, which is particularly important for assessing the potential threat of space weather on our society, further annually resolved 14C measurements are needed. Despite their extensive use, the absolute dating of tree-ring chronologies has not hitherto been independently validated at the global scale. Here, the identification of distinct 14C excursions in 484 individual tree rings, enable the authors to confirm the dating of 44 dendrochronologies from five continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Geography, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Diego Galván
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Arnold
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, University of Québec in Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael Baillie
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jürg Beer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Bernabei
- CNR-IVALSA, Trees and Timber Institute, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Niels Bleicher
- Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gretel Boswijk
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of History, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Duncan A Christie
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter W Clark
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Edward R Cook
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Rosanne D'Arrigo
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Nicole Davi
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
| | | | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anthony M Fowler
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ze'ev Gedalof
- Department of Geography, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fabio Gennaretti
- AgroParisTech, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jussi Grießinger
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henri Grissino-Mayer
- Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0925, USA
| | - Håkan Grudd
- Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn E Gunnarson
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rashit Hantemirov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Franz Herzig
- Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Amy Hessl
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, WV, 26505-6300, USA
| | | | - A J Timothy Jull
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Research, H-4001, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Kukarskih
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Alexander Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Navarino Environmental Observatory, GR-24001, Messinia, Greece
| | - Tomáš Kyncl
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos LeQuesne
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans W Linderholm
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neil J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian Luckman
- Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Fusa Miyake
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Kurt Nicolussi
- Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Jonathan Palmer
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andrea Seim
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Churakova Sidorova
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James H Speer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Archaeological Service Kanton Thurgau (AATG), 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, IANIGLA - CONICET, Mendoza, CP 330, 5500, Argentina
| | - Greg Wiles
- Department of of Earth Sciences, The College of Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Rob Wilson
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Jan Wunder
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Giles H F Young
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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4
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Cook ER, Seager R, Kushnir Y, Briffa KR, Büntgen U, Frank D, Krusic PJ, Tegel W, van der Schrier G, Andreu-Hayles L, Baillie M, Baittinger C, Bleicher N, Bonde N, Brown D, Carrer M, Cooper R, Čufar K, Dittmar C, Esper J, Griggs C, Gunnarson B, Günther B, Gutierrez E, Haneca K, Helama S, Herzig F, Heussner KU, Hofmann J, Janda P, Kontic R, Köse N, Kyncl T, Levanič T, Linderholm H, Manning S, Melvin TM, Miles D, Neuwirth B, Nicolussi K, Nola P, Panayotov M, Popa I, Rothe A, Seftigen K, Seim A, Svarva H, Svoboda M, Thun T, Timonen M, Touchan R, Trotsiuk V, Trouet V, Walder F, Ważny T, Wilson R, Zang C. Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500561. [PMID: 26601136 PMCID: PMC4640589 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate model projections suggest widespread drying in the Mediterranean Basin and wetting in Fennoscandia in the coming decades largely as a consequence of greenhouse gas forcing of climate. To place these and other "Old World" climate projections into historical perspective based on more complete estimates of natural hydroclimatic variability, we have developed the "Old World Drought Atlas" (OWDA), a set of year-to-year maps of tree-ring reconstructed summer wetness and dryness over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin during the Common Era. The OWDA matches historical accounts of severe drought and wetness with a spatial completeness not previously available. In addition, megadroughts reconstructed over north-central Europe in the 11th and mid-15th centuries reinforce other evidence from North America and Asia that droughts were more severe, extensive, and prolonged over Northern Hemisphere land areas before the 20th century, with an inadequate understanding of their causes. The OWDA provides new data to determine the causes of Old World drought and wetness and attribute past climate variability to forced and/or internal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Cook
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Richard Seager
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Yochanan Kushnir
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Keith R. Briffa
- Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Krusic
- Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia 24001, Greece
| | - Willy Tegel
- Institute for Forest Growth (IWW), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | | | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Mike Baillie
- Paleoecology Center, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Niels Bleicher
- Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Niels Bonde
- National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen DK-1220, Denmark
| | - David Brown
- Paleoecology Center, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
| | - Marco Carrer
- TeSAF Department, Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro I-35020, Italy
| | - Richard Cooper
- Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Christoph Dittmar
- Environmental Research and Education (UFB), Mistelbach 95511, Germany
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099, Germany
| | - Carol Griggs
- Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Björn Gunnarson
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106, Sweden
| | - Björn Günther
- Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt D-01737, Germany
| | - Emilia Gutierrez
- Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Samuli Helama
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301, Finland
| | - Franz Herzig
- Bavarian State Department for Cultural Heritage, Thierhaupten 86672, Germany
| | | | | | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| | | | - Nesibe Köse
- Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer 34473, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tomáš Kyncl
- Moravian Dendro-Labor, Brno 61600, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Levanič
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Hans Linderholm
- Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden
| | - Sturt Manning
- Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Thomas M. Melvin
- Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Daniel Miles
- Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford RG4 7TX, UK
| | | | - Kurt Nicolussi
- Institut für Geographie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Paola Nola
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Momchil Panayotov
- Dendrology Department, University of Forestry, Sophia 1756, Bulgaria
| | - Ionel Popa
- Forest Research and Management Institute, Calea Bucovinei, Campulung Moldovenesc 725100, Romania
| | - Andreas Rothe
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Kristina Seftigen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden
| | - Andrea Seim
- Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE-405, Sweden
| | - Helene Svarva
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Terje Thun
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7012, Norway
| | - Mauri Timonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi FI-96301, Finland
| | - Ramzi Touchan
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Valerie Trouet
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Felix Walder
- Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Ważny
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100, Poland
| | - Rob Wilson
- School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, Scotland
| | - Christian Zang
- Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Freising 85354, Germany
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