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Kittelson DB, Swanson J, Aldridge M, Giannelli RA, Kinsey JS, Stevens JA, Liscinsky DS, Hagen D, Leggett C, Stephens K, Hoffman B, Howard R, Frazee RW, Silvis W, McArthur T, Lobo P, Achterberg S, Trueblood M, Thomson K, Wolff L, Cerully K, Onasch T, Miake-Lye R, Freedman A, Bachalo W, Payne G. Experimental verification of principal losses in a regulatory particulate matter emissions sampling system for aircraft turbine engines. Aerosol Sci Technol 2021; 56:63-74. [PMID: 35602286 PMCID: PMC9118390 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1971152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sampling system for measuring emissions of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) from aircraft gas turbine engines has been developed to replace the use of smoke number and is used for international regulatory purposes. This sampling system can be up to 35 m in length. The sampling system length in addition to the volatile particle remover (VPR) and other sampling system components lead to substantial particle losses, which are a function of the particle size distribution, ranging from 50 to 90% for particle number concentrations and 10-50% for particle mass concentrations. The particle size distribution is dependent on engine technology, operating point, and fuel composition. Any nvPM emissions measurement bias caused by the sampling system will lead to unrepresentative emissions measurements which limit the method as a universal metric. Hence, a method to estimate size dependent sampling system losses using the system parameters and the measured mass and number concentrations was also developed (SAE 2017; SAE 2019). An assessment of the particle losses in two principal components used in ARP6481 (SAE 2019) was conducted during the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) 2 campaign. Measurements were made on the 25-meter sample line portion of the system using multiple, well characterized particle sizing instruments to obtain the penetration efficiencies. An agreement of ± 15% was obtained between the measured and the ARP6481 method penetrations for the 25-meter sample line portion of the system. Measurements of VPR penetration efficiency were also made to verify its performance for aviation nvPM number. The research also demonstrated the difficulty of making system loss measurements and substantiates the E-31 decision to predict rather than measure system losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. B. Kittelson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - J. Swanson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - M. Aldridge
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - R. A. Giannelli
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. S. Kinsey
- Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. A. Stevens
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - D. S. Liscinsky
- Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, USA (retired)
| | - D. Hagen
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - C. Leggett
- National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - K. Stephens
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | - B. Hoffman
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | - R. Howard
- Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - W. Silvis
- AVL-North America, Plymouth, Michigan, USA
| | | | - P. Lobo
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - S. Achterberg
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - M. Trueblood
- Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - K. Thomson
- National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L. Wolff
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - T. Onasch
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Miake-Lye
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A. Freedman
- Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Bachalo
- Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - G. Payne
- Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, California, USA
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Koulaouzidis G, Wong K, Charisopoulou D, McArthur T, Jenkins PJ, Henein MY. Coronary artery calcification is not related to coronary heart disease isolated family history. Int J Cardiol 2015; 190:271-2. [PMID: 25932803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Koulaouzidis
- Heart Centre and Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Sweden; Academic Department of Cardiology, Hull York Medical School, Castle Hill Hospital, Kingston-upon-Hull, UK.
| | - K Wong
- Academic Department of Cardiology, Hull York Medical School, Castle Hill Hospital, Kingston-upon-Hull, UK
| | - D Charisopoulou
- Heart Centre and Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Sweden
| | | | | | - M Y Henein
- Heart Centre and Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Sweden
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Koulaouzidis G, Charisopoulou D, Maffrett S, Tighe M, Jenkins PJ, McArthur T. Coronary artery calcification progression in asymptomatic individuals with initial score of zero. Angiology 2012; 64:494-7. [PMID: 22969160 DOI: 10.1177/0003319712459213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) using electron beam computed tomography (CT) when the initial CAC score (CACS) is zero and to determine the best interval to repeat a CAC scan. We studied 388 individuals with zero CACS (308 males; mean age: 48.8 ± 8.26 years) who underwent 2 consecutive CT scans in a period of at least 12 months apart. The interscan period was 2.99 ± 1.35 years (range: 1-6 years). Three-quarters of the individuals (75%) did not develop any CAC progression, 20.87% presented CAC progression of 1 to 10, 3.6% had 11 to 50, whereas only 0.51% had >50. The average time of new CAC development was 4.2 ± 1.1 years. Individuals with CAC progression presented higher incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia and higer frequency of male gender than those with without CAC changes (p<0.02). No cardiac events occurred during the follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koulaouzidis
- Heart Centre and Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
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Koulaouzidis G, Charisopoulou D, Maffrett S, Tighe M, Jenkins PJ, McArthur T. Differences in Clinical Profile of Individuals With Severe and Markedly Elevated Coronary Artery Calcification Detected by Electron Beam Computed Tomography. Angiology 2012; 64:435-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319712454217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have demonstrated the association between coronary artery calcification (CAC) and coronary artery disease events, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, extensive CAC still remains a poorly understood phenomenon. The objective of this study is to determine the clinical characteristics and differences between 831 asymptomatic individuals with very high CAC scores (CACS ≥1000) and 497 asymptomatic individuals with CAC scores of 400 to 999. Individuals with CACS ≥1000 were more likely to have hypertension ([HTN]; P = .0004), hypercholesterolemia ( P = .0001), diabetes mellitus ([DM] P = .005), and high body mass index ([BMI]; P = .03) compared with individuals with CACS = 400-999. On multivariable analysis, age ( P < .0001) and BMI ( P = .01) were found to be significant risk factors for the presence of very high CAC. While for males, age ( P < .0001), hypercholesterolemia ( P = .001), DM ( P = .002), and obesity ( P = .003) were independent risk factors; in females only HTN ( P = .04) was independent risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Koulaouzidis
- Heart Centre and Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
- European Scanning Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | - M. Tighe
- European Scanning Centre, London, UK
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Koulaouzidis G, Charisopoulou D, Jenkins PJ, Koulaouzidis A, McArthur T. Prevalence of noncalcified coronary plaque in patients with calcium score of 0: the silent enemy. Angiology 2012; 64:205-10. [PMID: 22492253 DOI: 10.1177/0003319712440618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Noncalcified coronary artery plaques (NCAPs) are susceptible to rupture, resulting in coronary artery thrombosis. Using computer tomography coronary angiography (CTCA), we evaluated the prevalence and degree of stenosis caused by NCAP in patients without coronary artery calcification (CAC). A retrospective analysis of 447 symptomatic patients with 0 CAC score revealed negative CTCA in 400 (89.5%). Noncalcified coronary artery plaques were demonstrated in 47 (10.5%), with 4 presenting stenosis >50%. Patients with positive CTCA, compared to those with normal CTCA, had significantly higher mean age (56.2 years vs 50.6 years, P < .004) and higher pretest coronary artery disease (CAD) probability (26% vs 34%, P < .0001). Noncalcified coronary artery plaque was predominantly developed in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending artery. Noncalcified coronary artery plaque is present in up to 10% of patients with a CAC score of 0. Computer tomography coronary angiography could be of diagnostic value in symptomatic patients with multiple risk factors for CAD, even in the absence of CAC.
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Singh-Ranger R, McArthur T, Corte MD, Lees W, Adiseshiah M. The abdominal aortic aneurysm sac after endoluminal exclusion: a medium-term morphologic follow-up based on volumetric technology. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31:490-500. [PMID: 10709062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of three-dimensional spiral computed tomographic angiography (SCTA) for the assessment of the feasibility and results of endoluminal repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. METHODS Laboratory studies: Phantom glass aneurysms, filled with contrast, underwent SCTA. The correlation between SCTA and laboratory measurements of linear dimensions and volumes was highly accurate (r(2) = 1.0). CLINICAL STUDIES From the first 7 patients that were suitable for endoluminal repair, the correlation between SCTA and angiocatheter measurements was 0.85 to 0.99 (P <.04), but there was poor agreement between individual values. As determined from the measurements by 2 experienced investigators, intraobserver and interobserver errors for volume calculation in 12 randomly chosen scans from a total of 120 scans were 5.7 and 4.4 mL, respectively (range of volumes, 100-403 mL). The conditions of 53 patients were judged suitable for endoluminal repair of which 30 patients reached 1 year or more follow-up. The median aneurysm neck length and diameter were 24.5 mm (range, 11.5-60.8 mm) and 23.4 mm (18.3-31.5 mm), respectively. The fate of the sac after endografting by two techniques (pre-expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE] fixed with Palmaz stents and endografts) was defined with three-dimensional SCTA. RESULTS The sac volume after endografting by pre-expanded PTFE (n = 12 patients) showed a significant median increase (P =.02) from 129 mL before surgery to 141 mL at 5 days after the operation with no change at 6 (139 mL), 12 (137 mL), and 18 (159 mL) months later. With the endografts (n = 18), there was an initial increase in median volume at 5 days (179-194 mL; P =.02) and then a significant shrinkage at 6 (148 mL; P =.012) and 12 (94.9 mL; P =.02) months. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional SCTA has been validated and is both precise and reliable. Interobserver and intraobserver errors are within acceptable ranges. Angiocatheter measurements are less accurate and may give misleading information when used for patient selection and endograft construction. The sac volume increased after endografting and later shrank in patients who were treated with endografts, but not in those patients treated with pre-expanded PTFE. We propose that three-dimensional SCTA should be regarded as the gold standard for linear and volumetric measurement for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh-Ranger
- Vascular Unit and Department of Imaging, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
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