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Skjolding LM, Jørgensen LVG, Dyhr KS, Köppl CJ, McKnight US, Bauer-Gottwein P, Mayer P, Bjerg PL, Baun A. Assessing the aquatic toxicity and environmental safety of tracer compounds Rhodamine B and Rhodamine WT. Water Res 2021; 197:117109. [PMID: 33857893 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tracer tests represent a well-established method for delineating key environmental processes in various media and engineered systems. Tracers like Rhodamine B and WT are frequently applied due to their strong fluorescence even at low concentrations.. However, due to a lack of ecotoxicological data, limit values for these tracers cannot be determined. This study fills this critical data gap by providing ecotoxicity data for Rhodamine B and WT using a battery of short-term standardized tests, including growth rate inhibition tests with algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) and lethality tests using crustaceans (Daphnia magna) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, and estimating EQS for surface water. For Rhodamine B, the effective and lethal concentration (EC50 and LC50) -causing 50% toxicity were in the range of 14-24 mg/L. For Rhodamine WT, no statistically significant effects were observed (p<0.05) at the tsted concentrations (up to 91, 100 and 200 mg/L for algae, crustaceans and fish embryos, respectively). Thus for all tested organisms, Rhodamine B was more toxic than Rhodamine WT (more than 14 times more toxic for R. subcapitata, 5.6 times for D. magna, 15 times for D. rerio embryos,based on EC10 and LC10 values). These results signify that read-across assessments using ecotoxicity data obtained with Rhodamine B is not advisable for estimating the ecotoxicity of Rhodamine WT. The annual-average quality standard (AA-QS) and maximum allowable concentration quality standard (MAC-QS) for Rhodamine B were found to be 14 and 140 µg/L, respectively. For Rhodamine WT, the corresponding values were estimated to >91 µg/L (AA-QS) and >910 µg/L (MAC-QS). Hence, concentrations below 140 µg/L or 910 µg/L for Rhodamine B and WT, respectively, are not expected to pose a risk to aquatic freshwater life in the case of intermittent discharges, e.g. tracer experiments released in streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Skjolding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - L vG Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - K S Dyhr
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C J Köppl
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - U S McKnight
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Bauer-Gottwein
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P L Bjerg
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Cremeans MM, Devlin JF, McKnight US, Bjerg PL. Application of new point measurement device to quantify groundwater-surface water interactions. J Contam Hydrol 2018; 211:85-93. [PMID: 29605159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The streambed point velocity probe (SBPVP) measures in situ groundwater velocities at the groundwater-surface water interface without reliance on hydraulic conductivity, porosity, or hydraulic gradient information. The tool operates on the basis of a mini-tracer test that occurs on the probe surface. The SBPVP was used in a meander of the Grindsted Å (stream), Denmark, to determine the distribution of flow through the streambed. These data were used to calculate the contaminant mass discharge of chlorinated ethenes into the stream. SBPVP data were compared with velocities estimated from hydraulic head and temperature gradient data collected at similar scales. Spatial relationships of water flow through the streambed were found to be similar by all three methods, and indicated a heterogeneous pattern of groundwater-surface water exchange. The magnitudes of estimated flow varied to a greater degree. It was found that pollutants enter the stream in localized regions of high flow which do not always correspond to the locations of highest pollutant concentration. The results show the combined influence of flow and concentration on contaminant discharge and illustrate the advantages of adopting a flux-based approach to risk assessment at the groundwater-surface water interface. Chlorinated ethene mass discharges, expressed in PCE equivalents, were determined to be up to 444 kg/yr (with SBPVP data) which compared well with independent estimates of mass discharge up to 438 kg/yr (with mini-piezometer data from the streambed) and up to 372 kg/yr crossing a control plane on the streambank (as determined in a previous, independent study).
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cremeans
- Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lindley Hall Room 215, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
| | - J F Devlin
- Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lindley Hall Room 215, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
| | - U S McKnight
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P L Bjerg
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Rønde V, McKnight US, Sonne AT, Balbarini N, Devlin JF, Bjerg PL. Contaminant mass discharge to streams: Comparing direct groundwater velocity measurements and multi-level groundwater sampling with an in-stream approach. J Contam Hydrol 2017; 206:43-54. [PMID: 28969865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Rønde
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - U S McKnight
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Th Sonne
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Balbarini
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J F Devlin
- Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - P L Bjerg
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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