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Wehmeier C, Amico P, Sidler D, Wirthmüller U, Hadaya K, Ferrari-Lacraz S, Golshayan D, Aubert V, Schnyder A, Sunic K, Schachtner T, Nilsson J, Schaub S. Pre-transplant donor-specific HLA antibodies and risk for poor first-year renal transplant outcomes: results from the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Transpl Int 2021; 34:2755-2768. [PMID: 34561920 DOI: 10.1111/tri.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze first year renal outcomes in a nationwide prospective multicenter cohort comprising 2215 renal transplants, with a special emphasis on the presence of pre-transplant donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA). All transplants had a complete virtual crossmatch and DSA were detected in 19% (411/2215). The investigated composite endpoint was a poor first-year outcome defined as (i) allograft failure or (ii) death or (iii) poor allograft function (eGFR ≤25 ml/min/1.73 m2 ) at one year. Two hundred and twenty-one (221/2215; 10%) transplants showed a poor first-year outcome. Rejection (24/70; 34%) was the most common reason for graft failure. First-year patient's death was rare (48/2215; 2%). There were no statistically significant differences between DSA-positive and DSA-negative transplants regarding composite and each individual endpoint, as well as reasons for graft failure and death. DSA-positive transplants experienced more frequently rejection episodes, mainly antibody-mediated rejection (both P < 0.0001). The combination of DSA and any first year rejection was associated with the overall poorest death-censored allograft survival (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, presence of pre-transplant DSA per se does not affect first year outcomes. However, DSA-positive transplants experiencing first year rejection are a high-risk population for poor allograft survival and may benefit from intense clinical surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wehmeier
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Amico
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sidler
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Wirthmüller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inselspital, Berne University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Karine Hadaya
- Divisions of Nephrology and Transplantation, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Ferrari-Lacraz
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Service of Immunology and Allergy and Service of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Déla Golshayan
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Aubert
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelia Schnyder
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kata Sunic
- HLA Laboratory, Blutspende Schweizerisches Rotkreuz Ostschweiz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schachtner
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schaub
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lobmaier JS, Probst F, Fischbacher U, Wirthmüller U, Knoch D. Pleasant body odours, but not genetic similarity, influence trustworthiness in a modified trust game. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3388. [PMID: 32099082 PMCID: PMC7042344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying trustworthy partners is an important adaptive challenge for establishing mutually cooperative relationships. Previous studies have demonstrated a marked relationship between a person's attractiveness and his apparent trustworthiness (beauty premium). Kin selection theory, however, suggests that cues to kinship enhance trustworthiness. Here we directly tested predictions of the beauty premium and kin selection theory by using body odours as cues to trustworthiness. Body odours reportedly portray information about an individuals' genotype at the human leucocyte antigen system (HLA) and thus olfactory cues in body odours serve as a promising means for kin recognition. Ninety men played trust games in which they divided uneven sums of monetary units between two male trustees represented by their body odour and rated each body odour for pleasantness. Half of the odours came from HLA-similar men (suggesting closer kin) and half from HLA dissimilar men (suggesting non-kin). We found that the amount of money the players transferred was not related to HLA-similarity, but to the pleasantness of the trustee's body odour. By showing that people with more pleasant body odours are trusted more than people with unpleasant body odour we provide evidence for a "beauty-premium" that overrides any putative effect of kin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek S Lobmaier
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Fabian Probst
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischbacher
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Thurgau Institute of Economics, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Wirthmüller
- Universitätsinstitut für Klinische Chemie, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Lobmaier JS, Fischbacher U, Probst F, Wirthmüller U, Knoch D. Accumulating evidence suggests that men do not find body odours of human leucocyte antigen-dissimilar women more attractive. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0566. [PMID: 29743256 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Urs Fischbacher
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Thurgau Institute of Economics, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Probst
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Wirthmüller
- Universitätsinstitut für Klinische Chemie, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Lobmaier JS, Fischbacher U, Wirthmüller U, Knoch D. The scent of attractiveness: levels of reproductive hormones explain individual differences in women's body odour. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1520. [PMID: 30209229 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals are thought to have their own distinctive body odour which reportedly plays an important role in mate choice. In the present study we investigated individual differences in body odours of women and examined whether some women generally smell more attractive than others or whether odour preferences are a matter of individual taste. We then explored whether levels of reproductive hormones explain women's body odour attractiveness, to test the idea that body odour attractiveness may act as a chemosensory marker of reproductive fitness. Fifty-seven men rated body odours of 28 healthy, naturally cycling women of reproductive age. We collected all odours at peak fertility to control for menstrual cycle effects on body odour attractiveness. Women's salivary oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone and cortisol levels were assessed at the time of odour collection to test whether hormone levels explain body odour attractiveness. We found that the men highly agreed on how attractive they found women's body odours. Interestingly, women's body odour attractiveness was predicted by their oestradiol and progesterone levels: the higher a woman's levels of oestradiol and the lower her levels of progesterone, the more attractive her body odour was rated. In showing that women's body odour attractiveness is explained by levels of female reproductive hormones, but not by levels of cortisol or testosterone, we provide evidence that body odour acts as a valid cue to potential fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek S Lobmaier
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischbacher
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Thurgau Institute of Economics, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Wirthmüller
- Universitätsinstitut für Klinische Chemie, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Probst F, Fischbacher U, Lobmaier JS, Wirthmüller U, Knoch D. Men's preferences for women's body odours are not associated with human leucocyte antigen. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1830. [PMID: 29021177 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body odours reportedly portray information about an individual's genotype at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, called human leucocyte antigen, HLA, in humans). While there is strong experimental support for MHC-associated mating behaviour in animals, the situation in humans is more complex. A lot of effort has been spent on testing HLA-associated odour preferences of women. To date, only very few studies have looked at HLA-linked olfactory preferences in men and these studies have revealed inconsistent results. Here, we investigate men's HLA-associated preferences for women's body odours. Importantly, and in contrast to previous studies, these odours were gathered at peak fertility (i.e. just before ovulation) when any HLA-associated odour preferences should be strongest. We scrutinized whether men's preference for women's body odours is influenced by (i) the number of shared HLA alleles between men and women, (ii) HLA heterozygosity, and (iii) the frequency of rare HLA alleles. We found that men could readily differentiate between odours they found attractive and odours they found less attractive, but that these preferences were not associated with HLA. Specifically, men did not prefer odours from women who are HLA dissimilar, HLA heterozygous, or who have rare HLA alleles. Together, these findings suggest that HLA has no effect on men's odour preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Probst
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischbacher
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Thurgau Institute of Economics, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Wirthmüller
- Universitätsinstitut für Klinische Chemie, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Yayli S, Pelivani N, Beltraminelli H, Wirthmüller U, Beleznay Z, Horn M, Borradori L. Detection of linear IgE deposits in bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid: a useful clue for diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 2012; 165:1133-7. [PMID: 21711326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of the skin associated with IgG autoantibodies to BP180 and BP230, while mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) comprises a heterogeneous group of autoimmune blistering diseases characterized by a predominant mucous membrane involvement and scarring tendency associated with an autoantibody response to various autoantigens, including BP180. While the pathogenicity of IgG autoantibodies to BP180 has been demonstrated in BP, the role of IgE autoantibodies in mediating tissue damage in BP and MMP is unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the presence of tissue-bound IgE in patients with BP and MMP, and their correlation with distinct clinical features. METHODS In this retrospective study, we assessed the presence of IgE deposits as detected by direct immunofluorescence microscopy of skin biopsy specimens obtained from 44 and 13 patients with a new diagnosis of BP and MMP, respectively. Distinct clinical features at time of diagnosis, such as itch, urticarial papules and plaques and eczematous lesions, were noted. RESULTS In 18 of 44 (41%) patients with BP linear deposits of IgE of variable intensity were detectable along the dermoepidermal junction. In 14 (32%) of the cases, IgE deposits were found concomitantly with IgG and C3. In two (5%) patients, diagnosis of BP was based on the isolated detection of IgE together with consistent clinicopathological features. Nine of 13 (69%) patients with MMP also exhibited linear IgE deposits, including one case with isolated linear IgE deposits. Patients with BP with tissue-bound IgE deposits had clinically significant urticarial papules and plaques when compared with patients with BP without IgE deposits. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that demonstration of tissue-bound IgE deposits provides an additional useful criterion for diagnosis of BP and MMP in some patients. Prospective studies are needed to better correlate the presence of tissue-bound and circulating IgE autoantibodies and their specificity with distinct clinical features and course of BP and MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yayli
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
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Seitz M, Wirthmüller U, Möller B, Villiger PM. The -308 tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism predicts therapeutic response to TNFalpha-blockers in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 46:93-6. [PMID: 16720636 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the G-to-A polymorphism at position -308 in the promoter of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) gene influences the therapeutic response to TNFalpha-blockers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS A total of 54 patients with RA, 10 with PsA and 22 with AS were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction for the -308 TNFalpha promoter polymorphism. They were treated with infliximab (n = 63), adalimumab (n = 10) or etanercept (n = 13). Clinical response was assessed after 24 weeks by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) for RA and PsA, and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Activity Index (BASDAI) for AS patients. RESULTS All patients with the A/A genotype (n = 3, all RA) and two patients with the A/G genotype (AS) failed to respond to anti-TNF treatment. Irrespective of the underlying disease, moderate response (n = 44) was predominantly associated with the A/G genotype (A/G 18/22, G/G 4/22), whereas good response (n = 59) was exclusively seen in patients with the G/G genotype. The average improvement in the DAS28 score was 0.83 in the A/A, 1.50 in the A/G and 2.64 in the G/G group of RA and PsA patients (P < 0.0001). The BASDAI score in AS improved on average by 1.21 in the A/G and by 3.30 in the G/G group (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that humans with a TNFalpha -308 G/G genotype are better responders to anti-TNFalpha treatment than those with A/A or A/G genotypes independent of the treated rheumatic disease (RA, PsA or AS).
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MESH Headings
- Adalimumab
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Etanercept
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Infliximab
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spondylitis, Ankylosing/drug therapy
- Spondylitis, Ankylosing/genetics
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seitz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, University Hospital, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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Lelie PN, van Drimmelen HAJ, Cuypers HTM, Best SJ, Stramer SL, Hyland C, Allain JP, Moncharmont P, Defer C, Nübling M, Glauser A, da Silva Cardoso M, Viret JF, Lankinen MH, Grillner L, Wirthmüller U, Coste J, Schottstedt V, Masecar B, Dax EM. Sensitivity of HCV RNA and HIV RNA blood screening assays. Transfusion 2002; 42:527-36. [PMID: 12084160 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FDA requirement for sensitivity of viral NAT methods used in blood screening is a 95-percent detection limit of 100 copies per mL, whereas the NAT screening system should have a sensitivity of at least 5000 copies per mL per individual donation. According to the Common Technical Specifications of the European Directive 98/79/EC for in vitro diagnostics, viral standard dilutions (calibrated against the WHO standard) should be tested at least 24 times for a statistically valid assessment of the 95-percent detection limit. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Viral standard dilution panels (PeliCheck, VQC-CLB) were prepared for HCV RNA genotypes 1 and 3 and for HIV RNA genotypes B and E. In a multicenter study, 23 laboratories tested the panels all together in 8 to 91 test runs per NAT method. RESULTS The following 95-percent detection limits (and 95% CIs) were found on the HCV RNA genotype 1 reference panels (shown as geq/mL): Gen-Probe TMA, 85 (64-118); AmpliScreen, 126 (83-225); AmpliScreen with NucliSens Extractor, 21 (13-44); Amplicor with NucliSens Extractor, 69 (50-102), and Amplicor with Qiagen extraction technology, 144 (74-102). On HIV RNA genotype B dilution panels, the following 95-percent detection limits were found (shown as geq/mL): Gen-Probe TMA, 31 (20-52); AmpliScreen, 126 (67-311); AmpliScreen with NucliSens Extractor, 37 (23-69), and NucliSens QL assay, 123 (51-566). HIV RNA genotype E panels were detected with equal sensitivity as HIV RNA genotype B panels. In the Gen-Probe TMA assay, the 50-percent detection limits on HIV RNA type B and type E were 3.6 (2.6-5.0) and 3.9 (2.4-5.8) geq per mL, respectively. The HCV RNA genotype 1 and 3 standards were detected with equal sensitivity. CONCLUSION The differences in sensitivity between NAT assays can be explained by the input of isolated viral nucleic acid in the amplification reactions. The FDA requirements for sensitivity of NAT blood screening assays can be met by the Gen-probe TMA, as well as by the AmpliScreen assays, particularly when combined with the NucliSens Extractor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nico Lelie
- VQC Laboratory, Sanquin-CLB Diagnostic Division, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Meyerhof W, Stalder J, Köster M, Wirthmüller U, Knöchel W. Sequence analysis of the upstream regions of Xenopus laevis beta-globin genes and arrangement of repetitive elements within the globin gene clusters. Mol Biol Rep 1990; 14:17-26. [PMID: 2345547 DOI: 10.1007/bf00422711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The globin gene clusters of Xenopus laevis are interspersed by various different repetitive DNA elements. A specific repeat, the JH12 element, has been mapped by Southern analysis and some of its locations have been subsequently confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. JH12 family members seem to represent mobile genetic elements and display a high degree of divergence. The nucleotide sequences upstream to the adult beta I-globin gene and to the two coordinately expressed larval beta I- and beta II-globin genes have been determined and compared to those of the adult alpha-genes. Besides some repetitive DNA elements and a short sequence of rather weak homology we have found no characteristic sequence motifs to be common to the adult alpha- and beta-genes. The two larval beta-genes share one short sequence element being absent from the adult genes. This might reflect completely different sequence requirements for protein interactions and for the regulation of adult and larval globin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Meyerhof
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Stalder J, Wirthmüller U, Beck J, Gruber A, Meyerhof W, Knöchel W, Weber R. Primary structure and evolutionary relationship between the adult alpha-globin genes and their 5'-flanking regions of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. J Mol Evol 1988; 28:64-71. [PMID: 3148743 DOI: 10.1007/bf02143498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the evolution of globin genes in the genus Xenopus, we have determined the primary structure of the related adult alpha I- and alpha II-globin genes of X. laevis and of the adult alpha-globin gene of X. tropicalis, including their 5'-flanking regions. All three genes are comprised of three exons and two introns at homologous positions. The exons are highly conserved and code for 141 amino acids. By contrast, the corresponding introns vary in length and show considerable divergence. Comparison of 900 bp of the 5'-flanking region revealed that the X. tropicalis gene contains a conserved proximal 310-bp promoter sequence, comprised of the canonical TATA and CCAAT motifs at homologous positions, and five conserved elements in the same order and at similar positions as previously shown for the corresponding genes of X. laevis. We therefore conclude that these conserved upstream elements may represent regulatory sequences for cell-specific regulation of the adult Xenopus globin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stalder
- Zoologisches Institut, Abteilung für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Bern, Switzerland
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Stalder J, Meyerhof W, Wirthmüller U, Gruber A, Wyler T, Knöchel W, Weber R. Conserved sequences and cell-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites upstream from the co-ordinately expressed alpha I- and alpha II-globin genes of Xenopus laevis. J Mol Biol 1986; 188:119-28. [PMID: 3014154 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The globin gene family of Xenopus laevis comprises pairs of closely related genes that are arranged in two clusters, each pair of genes being co-ordinately and stage-specifically expressed. To get information on putative regulatory elements, we compared the DNA sequences and the chromatin conformation 5' to the co-ordinately expressed adult alpha-globin genes. Sequence analysis revealed a relatively conserved region from the cap site up to position -289, and further upstream seven distinct boxes of homology, separated by more diverged sequences or deletions/insertions. The homology boxes comprise 22 to 194 base-pairs showing 78 to 95% homology. Analysis of chromatin conformation showed that DNase I preferentially cuts the upstream region of both genes at similar positions, 5' to the T-A-T-A and the C-C-A-A-T boxes, only in chromatin of adult erythroblasts and erythrocytes, where adult globin genes are expressed, but not in chromatin of adult liver cells or larval erythrocytes, where these genes are silent. This suggests that cell- and stage-specific activation of these genes coincides with specific changes in chromatin conformation within the proximal upstream region. No difference was found in the nucleotide sequence within the DNase I hypersensitive region proximal to the adult alpha 1-globin gene in DNA from embryonic cells, in which this gene is inactive, and adult erythrocytes, expressing this gene.
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