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Gilyadova AV, Ishchenko AA, Samoilova SV, Shiryaev AA, Novruzaliyeva MF, Efendiev KT, Alekseeva PM, Loschenov VB, Reshetov IV. Comparative study of treatment efficacy in severe intraepithelial squamous cell lesions and preinvasive cervical cancer by conization and chlorin e6-mediated fluorescence-assisted systemic photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024:104060. [PMID: 38521149 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) occupies a leading position in incidence among young women of reproductive age. In this connection, it is urgent to search for the most effective approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the PDT method using Cе6 with the control of the photobleaching using video and spectral fluorescence diagnostic methods, to develop the method of fluorescence-assisted systemic photodynamic therapy mediated with chlorin e6 for treatment CIN 3 and CIS. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized comparative clinical study was conducted involving 94 women aged 18 to 49 years with histologically verified severe intraepithelial squamous cell lesions of the cervix or preinvasive cervical cancer. The patients were included in 2 groups: in the first group conization of the cervix was performed with curettage of the remaining part of the cervical canal; patients in the second group underwent the chlorin e6-mediated fluorescence-assisted systemic photodynamic therapy. RESULTS The absolute majority of patients in the main group after the first course of chlorin e6-mediated fluorescence-assisted systemic photodynamic therapy showed normalization of cytological parameters and colposcopic picture, while women from the comparison group showed signs of cervical lesions statistically significantly more often. These changes corresponded to the dynamics of the proliferation markers expression in the cells of intraepithelial squamous cell lesions. Also, patients of the second group who were planning a pregnancy had better reproductive outcomes after treatment compared to those of the first group. CONCLUSION In general, higher clinical efficacy and safety of the use of the chlorin e6-mediated fluorescence-assisted systemic photodynamic therapy in the treatment of intraepithelial squamous cell lesions and preinvasive cervical cancer have been established compared to the use of standard treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gilyadova
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia;; National Medical Research Center Treatment and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ivankovskoe highway 3, Moscow, 125367 Russia.
| | - A A Ishchenko
- National Medical Research Center Treatment and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ivankovskoe highway 3, Moscow, 125367 Russia.
| | - S V Samoilova
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia;.
| | - A A Shiryaev
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia;.
| | - M F Novruzaliyeva
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia;.
| | - K T Efendiev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991 Russia;; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), Kashirskoye shosse 31, Moscow, 115409 Russia.
| | - P M Alekseeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991 Russia;; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), Kashirskoye shosse 31, Moscow, 115409 Russia.
| | - V B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991 Russia;; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), Kashirskoye shosse 31, Moscow, 115409 Russia.
| | - I V Reshetov
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia;.
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Boldin BV, Turkin PY, Oettinger AP, Bogachev VY, Somov NO, Kuzmin SG, Loschenov VB, Mikhaleva LM, Midiber KY. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of venous trophic ulcers: results from the experiment. Ambulatornaya khirurgiya 2022. [DOI: 10.21518/1995-1477-2022-19-2-82-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Today, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) becomes more and more popular, because of it pronounced bactericidal activity, anti-inflammatory effect. At the same time, no animal model studies have been conducted on morphological changes in cells after exposure to PDT on venous ulcers (VU) when using different types of photosensitizers (PS). The problem of comparing morphological changes in tissues when using a-PDT vs conventional PDT have not yet been resolved.Aim. Evaluation of the effectiveness of PDT and APDT in a comprehensive examination of trophic ulcers in an in vivo experiment and compare them with standard methods for the treatment of VLU.Materials and мethods. A series of experiments was conducted on 21 rabbits, separated into 3 equal groups of 7 rabbits each. Venous trophic ulcer was originally modeled for all rabbits. To obtain a VU, we performed an additional ligation of v. femoralis. The control group received standard therapy for VU. The PDT group had PDT with Photosens. The a-PDT group underwent a-PDT using Cholosens. Every 3 days, picture of local inflammation, regeneration rate and ulcer volume were determined. A morphological study of VLU was carried out on the first, 9th and 15th days.Results. The a-PDT group, day 15: 100% wound epithelization. Control group, day 21st: The volume of wounds decreased on average by 50%. The PDT group: 100% wound epithelization. The morphological study indicated a positive trend in the a-PDT group compared with PDT and control groups, which resulted in a decrease in the total mass of necrotic detritus, a change in the quantitative and qualitative composition of inflammatory infiltrate.Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that the use of a-PDT is recommended in treatment of VLU. Both PDT and a-PDT methods showed better results in comparison with standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. V. Boldin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - P. Yu. Turkin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | | | | | - N. O. Somov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - S. G. Kuzmin
- International Research and Clinical Center ‘Intermedbiophiskhim’; Research Institute of Organic Intermediates and Dyes
| | - V. B. Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - L. M. Mikhaleva
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - K. Yu. Midiber
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; City Clinical Hospital No. 31; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
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Efendiev KT, Alekseeva PM, Shiryaev AA, Skobeltsin AS, Solonina IL, Fatyanova AS, Reshetov IV, Loschenov VB. Preliminary low-dose photodynamic exposure to the skin cancer with chlorin e6 photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102894. [PMID: 35490962 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was aimed to investigate the chlorin e6 photosensitizer distribution in the tumor and tumor border (5 mm) during low-dose photodynamic treatment and to increase the effectiveness of the therapy for skin neoplasms. METHODS Sensitized boundaries of neoplasms were evaluated by video fluorescence imaging. The study of changes in the chlorin e6 distribution before/after photodynamic therapy and in the process of low-dose photodynamic exposure was carried out by the method of spectral fluorescence diagnostics. RESULTS All 19 patients with basal-cell skin cancer had a contrast of chlorin e6 accumulation compared to normal tissues. 3 hours after intravenous administration of the photosensitizer at a dose of 1 mg/kg, the chlorin e6 concentration was: in normal tissues - 0.18 mg/kg, in the tumor - 1.26 mg/kg, in the tumor border - 0.63 mg/kg. In most cases, the fluorescence indices of chlorin e6 in tumor tissues after low-dose photodynamic therapy increased and exceeded the values before light exposure. CONCLUSION Low-dose photodynamic therapy seems to be the optimal method for treating neoplasms, which does not cause severe pain in patients during the light exposure and allows locally increasing of the photosensitizer concentration in tumor tissues. This method of photodynamic therapy can improve the effectiveness of thе treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Efendiev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia.
| | - P M Alekseeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Shiryaev
- University Clinical Hospital No. 1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Skobeltsin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - I L Solonina
- University Clinical Hospital No. 1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Fatyanova
- University Clinical Hospital No. 1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Reshetov
- University Clinical Hospital No. 1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - V B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia
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Shiryaev AA, Efendiev KT, Kornev DO, Samoylova SI, Fatyanova AS, Karpova RV, Reshetov IV, Loschenov VB. Photodynamic therapy of classic Kaposi's sarcoma with video-fluorescence control. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102378. [PMID: 34087467 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi's sarcoma (multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma, Kaposi's angiosarcoma) is an angioproliferative neoplasm of endothelial origin associated with human herpes virus 8 (HHV - 8) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of the classical form of Kaposi's sarcoma (КS) varies significantly in different geographical areas from 0.14/1 million people (both men and women) to 10.5 per 1 million men and 2.7 per 1 million women. The onset of КS is typical at the age of 35-39 in men and 25-39 years in women. CASE REPORT A case of successful treatment of a recurrent non-HIV and non-HHV-8 Kaposi's sarcoma with PDT in a 79-year old man. RESULTS After the recieved photodynamic treatment, complete pathologic response was achieved, i.e., Grade 5 tumor response according to Miller-Payne histological grading system (1999). The overall condition has significantly improved with no clinical tumor signs. CONCLUSION This report describes a good outcome with PDT in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. The results obtained are initial, but encouraging, demonstrating good tolerance, safety and high efficacy of PDT in classical КS. The successful use of PDT in cutaneous manifestations of HIV-associated KS is also described in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shiryaev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, University Clinical Hospital No.1 ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
| | - K T Efendiev
- Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe sh., 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - D O Kornev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, University Clinical Hospital No.1 ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
| | - S I Samoylova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, University Clinical Hospital No.1 ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
| | - A S Fatyanova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, University Clinical Hospital No.1 ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation; Academy of Postgraduate Education FSBI FNCC FMBA of Russia, Volokolamskoye shossee 91, Moscow 125310, Russian Federation
| | - R V Karpova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, University Clinical Hospital No.1 ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
| | - I V Reshetov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, University Clinical Hospital No.1 ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation; Academy of Postgraduate Education FSBI FNCC FMBA of Russia, Volokolamskoye shossee 91, Moscow 125310, Russian Federation
| | - V B Loschenov
- Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe sh., 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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Alekseeva PM, Efendiev KT, Shiryaev AA, Rusakov MA, Simonova MS, Samoylova SI, Fatyanova AS, Reshetov IV, Loschenov VB. Sublingual administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid for laser-induced photodiagnostics and photodynamic therapy of oral cavity and larynx cancers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102289. [PMID: 33839329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to develop a method for sublingual administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid to patients and evaluate its effectiveness in fluorescence diagnostics and photodynamic therapy of neoplasms of the oral cavity and larynx. METHODS The boundaries of the neoplasms were established by the video-fluorescence diagnostics and clarified using spectral-fluorescent diagnosis before and after photodynamic therapy. RESULTS The fluorescence diagnostics demonstrated a high accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, induced by sublingual administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid to patients before the photodynamic therapy and photobleaching of protoporphyrin IX in pathologically altered tissues after the photodynamic therapy. Glucose contained in the sublingual dose supports active transport of 5-ALA into the cells. It increases the PpIX accumulation in the cells, therefore improving the PD and PDT efficacy. CONCLUSION The study and the initially obtained results demonstrated the possibility and effectiveness of laser-induced photodiagnostics and photodynamic therapy with sublingual administration of 5-ALA to patients with premalignant lesions of the oral cavity and larynx. It can eliminate the threat of the transformation of these diseases into malignant tumors and prevent the need for surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Alekseeva
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), Kashirskoye shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - K T Efendiev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), Kashirskoye shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - A A Shiryaev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, University Clinical Hospital No.1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - M A Rusakov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, University Clinical Hospital No.1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - M S Simonova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, University Clinical Hospital No.1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - S I Samoylova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, University Clinical Hospital No.1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - A S Fatyanova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, University Clinical Hospital No.1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - I V Reshetov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, University Clinical Hospital No.1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 6, Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - V B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute MEPhI), Kashirskoye shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia.
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Kustov DM, Kozlikina EI, Efendiev KT, Loshchenov MV, Grachev PV, Maklygina YS, Trifonov IS, Baranov AV, Stranadko EF, Panchenkov DN, Krylov VV, Loschenov VB. Laser-induced fluorescent visualization and photodynamic therapy in surgical treatment of glial brain tumors. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:1761-1773. [PMID: 33796385 PMCID: PMC7984776 DOI: 10.1364/boe.415936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas have a diffuse and infiltrative nature of the growth of tumor cells, due to which the achievement of radical resection is difficult. Surgical resection completeness of brain tumors is an important factor in prolonging the life of patients. An accurate definition of tumor boundaries and residual fluorescent regions is impossible due to imperfections of the equipment used for fluorescent imaging. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in humans and is clinically used to detect and treat tumors. Currently, fluorescence-guided surgery with PpIX used a surgical microscope with an excitation wavelength in the blue spectrum range. Because of its low ability to penetrate into biological tissue, blue light is ineffective for providing high-quality fluorescent navigation. Also, when performing an operation using radiation in the blue spectrum range, the photosensitizer's surface layer (PS) often bleaches out, which leads to frequent errors. The use of red light emission makes it possible to slow down the PS bleaches out due to the absorption properties of PpIX, but this task is technically more complicated and requires highly sensitive cameras and specialized optical filters. The new two-channel video system for fluorescent navigation has a radiation source in the red range of the spectrum, the penetration depth of which is greater than the blue light, which makes it possible to increase the depth of probing into biological tissues. The study's clinical part involved 5 patients with high grade glioma and 1 patient with low grade glioma: grade III oligodendrogliomas (2), grade IV glioblastomas (3), and grade II diffusion astrocytoma (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Kustov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. I. Kozlikina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - K. T. Efendiev
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. V. Loshchenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - P. V. Grachev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu. S. Maklygina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - I. S. Trifonov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Baranov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- O.K. Skobelkin State Scientific Center of Laser Medicine of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. F. Stranadko
- O.K. Skobelkin State Scientific Center of Laser Medicine of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - D. N. Panchenkov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Krylov
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. B. Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
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Zharova TA, Kogan EA, Makarov VI, Smorchkov MM, Lychagin AV, Ivannikov SV, Zharkov NV, Loschenov VB. Correlation of synovial caspase-3 concentration and the photodynamic effectiveness in osteoarthritis treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101669. [PMID: 31988026 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study focuses on investigation of Intra-articular PDT mechanisms for OA treatment. Also, a search for determination of the most effective dose of chlorin e6 (Ce6) for anti-inflammatory PDT of OA was carried out. METHODS The study was carried out on laboratory animals (11 Chinchilla rabbits, 1 year, 2.5 kg) with a gonarthritis model of post-traumatic OA. According to the instructions for using Photoditazin (Ce6 based PS) for PDT of human oncological and non-oncological diseases, the recommended dose is 0.7-1.2 mg/kg. For studies on rabbits, taking into account the conversion coefficient (3.2), the PS doses of 2.4, 3.2 and 6.4 mg/kg were selected. Fluorescence spectra were measured intra-articular before and after PDT using spectrometer with fiber-optic probe. The intrajoint PDT was carried out using a laser (662 ± 10 nm) and a fiber-optic catheter with a cylindrical diffuser inside a sapphire needle for a uniform distribution of the laser radiation. The immunohistochemical study was carried out by staining the samples with caspase-3. RESULTS Histological and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the best PS dose for intravenous administration for PDT of rabbit gonarthritis is 3.2 mg/kg. The PS concentration directly in the synovial tissue was 0.5 mg/kg, and this was enough to achieve the most positive results to reduce the caspase-3 level. CONCLUSION The caspase-3 level correlates well with other signs of inflammation in the synovial membrane (edema, etc.). Therefore, to assess the PDT effectiveness in the treatment of gonarthritis accompanied by synovitis, it is sufficient to analyze only for caspase-3. The efficacy of PDT with Ce6 showed that 3.2 mg/kg PS dose (1 mg/kg for a human) is the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Zharova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya Str., 8-2, Russian Federation.
| | - E A Kogan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya Str., 8-2, Russian Federation.
| | - V I Makarov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Vavilov Str., 38, Russian Federation.
| | - M M Smorchkov
- N.N. Priorov Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, 127299, Moscow, Priorov Str., 10, Russian Federation.
| | - A V Lychagin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya Str., 8-2, Russian Federation.
| | - S V Ivannikov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya Str., 8-2, Russian Federation.
| | - N V Zharkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya Str., 8-2, Russian Federation.
| | - V B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Vavilov Str., 38, Russian Federation; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409, Moscow, Kashirskoe Shosse, 31, Russian Federation.
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Ryabova AV, Romanishkin ID, Skobeltsin AS, Moskalev AS, Makarov VI, Loschenov VB, Nikiforov NG, Orekhov AN, Orekhova VA, Sukhorukov VN, Sobenin IA. P4498Subcellular anti-atherosclerotic therapy: an approach to elimination of dysfunctional mithohondria by photodynamic therapy. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Photo-theranostics is a therapeutic and diagnostic approach that uses photosensibilization. This approach makes part of the medicine of the future – subcellular therapy. Photo-theranostics targets cells and tissues that are affected by pathological changes inducing apoptotic cell death. However, the approach allows targeting cellular organelles, if the photo-sensitizing agent is accumulated selectively. Such selectivity can result from the organelle's functional state, as in the case of mitochondria affected by mitochondrial genome abnormalities. For instance, some pro-atherogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction
Some photo-sensitizing agents accumulate selectively in mitochondria making the photodynamic targeting efficient enough. For instance, protoporfyrine IX (PpIX), which is widely used in clinical practice, is produced from a prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALC) in course of heme synthesis cascade in the mitochondria. Exogenous 5-ALC causes excessive formation of PpIX, which cannot be efficiently processed by ferrochelatase and accumulates in the cells. PpIX accumulation directly depends on the cell's metabolic activity.
We studied 5-ALC-induced PpIX accumulation on cybrid lines derived from thrombocytes with mutation-bearing mitochondria and THP-1 monocytes devoid of mitochondria. We used 3 cybrid lines and 2 THP-1 monocyte cultures cultured independently by different research groups. The mitochondrial functional state was assessed by fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial dye MitoTracker™ Orange CMTMRos (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Measurement of fluorescence was performed by laser scanning microscopy with spectral unmixing. MitoTracker and PpIX dyes were excited with a 561 nm laser, and fluorescence was measured at 570–750 nm wavelength. The signal was spectrally unmixed to obtain separate MitoTracker and PpIX signals. Individual cells areas were traced on microscopic images taken under identical conditions, and mean values of PpIX and MitoTracker fluorescence intensity were obtained for each cell.
We found that PpIX accumulation varied significantly from cell to cell within cell populations. Cybrid lines had increased PpIX accumulation in comparison with original THP-1 monocyte lines. A positive correlation between PpIX amount and mitochondrial membrane potential was observed (Figure 1).
Therefore, selective elimination of dysfunctional (mutated) mitochondria can be achieved by adjusting laser intensity sufficient to induce photodynamic destruction of the organelles, while normal mitochondria and the cells as a whole should be preserved at the used light intensities. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant #19-15-00010).
Acknowledgement/Funding
Russian Science Foundation (Grant # 19-15-00010)
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Ryabova
- Prokhorov Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Laser Biospectroscopy, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Laser Biospectroscopy, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A S Skobeltsin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A S Moskalev
- Prokhorov Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Laser Biospectroscopy, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V I Makarov
- Prokhorov Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Laser Biospectroscopy, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V B Loschenov
- Prokhorov Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Laser Biospectroscopy, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - N G Nikiforov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V A Orekhova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V N Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I A Sobenin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Akhlyustina EV, Meerovich GA, Tiganova IG, Makarova EA, Philipova NI, Romanishkin ID, Alekseeva NV, Lukyanets EA, Romanova YM, Loschenov VB. New cationic photosensitizers: photophysical properties and results of preliminary studies of antibacterial efficacy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1189/1/012033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Pominova DV, Romanishkin ID, Grachev PV, Borodkin AV, Vanetsev AS, Orlovskaya EO, Orlovskii YV, Sildos I, Loschenov VB, Ryabova AV. Theoretical and experimental modeling of interstitial laser hyperthermia with surface cooling device using Nd 3+-doped nanoparticles. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1421-1431. [PMID: 30762195 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To improve methods of laser hyperthermia for the treatment of bulk malignant neoplasms, an urgent task is the development of techniques and devices that automatically control heating at a given tissue depth and ensure its uniformity. The article proposes the concept of a system for performing hyperthermia with real-time spectroscopic temperature control and surface cooling, which allows to record spectra of diffusely scattered radiation and fluorescent signal from various depths of biological tissues by the means of the variation of the angle and distance between the fiber source of laser radiation and the receiving fiber. Theoretical and experimental modeling of the spatial distribution of diffusely scattered radiation and temperature inside the tissue with a fiber optic device providing surface cooling of the irradiated tissue, and recording spectral information from a given depth in real time, is presented. Simulation of radiation propagation in biological tissues, depending on the distance between the source and the receiver and the angle of their tilt, was carried out using the Monte Carlo method. Modeling of the temperature distribution inside the tissues was carried out by means of a numerical solution of the heat conduction equation. Experimental modeling was carried out on phantoms of biological tissues simulating their scattering properties as well as accumulation of the investigated nanoparticles doped with Nd3+ ions. It was shown that inorganic nanoparticles doped with rare-earth Nd3+ ions can be used as temperature labels for feedback to the therapeutic laser. According to the results of the theoretical simulation, optimal configurations of the relative arrangement of the fibers were chosen, as well as the optimum surface cooling temperatures for the given power densities. The heating of the phantom of the neoplasm containing the investigated nanoparticles doped with Nd3+ ions by laser radiation with an 805-nm wavelength and power density of 1 W/cm2 up to 42 °C at a depth of 1 cm while maintaining the surface temperature within the limits of the norm was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Pominova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - I D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - P V Grachev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - A V Borodkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - A S Vanetsev
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi st. 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E O Orlovskaya
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Yu V Orlovskii
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - I Sildos
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi st. 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - V B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - A V Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Maklygina Y, Romanishkin ID, Ryabova AV, Yakavec IV, Bolotin L, Loschenov VB. A novel spheroid model for preclinical intercellular nanophotosensitizer-mediated tumor study. BRSMU 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2018.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles (NP AlPc) possess the features that make them a promising photosensitizer. In particular, AlPc NPs do not fluoresce in free nanoform, fluoresce weakly in normal tissue, strongly in tumors and very strongly in macrophages. Also, such particles fluoresce and become phototoxic when contacting certain biocomponents. The type of biocomponents that bind to AlPc NPS defines intensity, lifetime, and spectral distribution of the fluorescence. This study aimed to investigate the peculiarities of nanophotosensitizer capturing in 3D models of cell cultures. The data obtained demonstrate that AlPc NPs are captured by cells inside the spheroid in the course of the first hour, as the fluorescent signal's growth shows. Having analyzed the fluctuations of the fluorescence signal of AlPc NPs inside a spheroid, we have also discovered that the cellular 3D models are heterogeneous. Laser irradiation (two-photon excitation at λ = 780/390 nm) resulted in photobleaching of fluorescence, which is probably associated with AlPc NP deactivation. Thus, the created model comprised of a 3D cell culture and AlPc NPs provides a better insight into metabolic processes in cells than monolayer 2D cell cultures. Besides, the model allows to evaluate the photodynamic effect depending on phenotypic properties of various areas in the heterogeneous 3D-structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuS Maklygina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | - ID Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | - AV Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | - IV Yakavec
- Research Centre for Automatic Control of Nancy, University of Lotaringia, Nancy, France; The Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - L Bolotin
- Research Centre for Automatic Control of Nancy, University of Lotaringia, Nancy, France
| | - VB Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow
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12
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Meerovich GA, Akhlyustina EV, Tiganova IG, Lukyanets EA, Makarova EA, Tolordava ER, Yuzhakova OA, Romanishkin ID, Philipova NI, Zhizhimova YS, Romanova YM, Loschenov VB, Gintsburg AL. Novel Polycationic Photosensitizers for Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1282:1-19. [PMID: 31446610 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising method of treating local infected foci, in particular, surgical and burn wounds, trophic and diabetic ulcers. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is able to effectively destroy bacterial cells without them developing resistance in response to treatment.This work was dedicated to the study of photophysical and antibacterial properties of new photosensitizers (PS) based on polycationic phthalocyanines and synthetic bacteriochlorins for photodynamic inactivation of P. aeruginosa bacteria and their biofilms. Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa are often found in infected wounds, presumably in biofilm state and are characterized by rather low susceptibility to APDT, which is a problem. PS were studied for possible aggregation at various concentrations by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of studies of the ZnPcChol8, (3-PyHp)4BCBr4 and (3-PyEBr)4BCBr4 in water and serum confirm the assumption of a low degree of their aggregation at high concentrations.Consequently, their photodynamic efficiency is high enabling to use these PS at high concentrations to sensitize pathological foci for APDT.It was shown that all the investigated PS had a high efficiency of photodynamic inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa, as well as their biofilms. Tetracationic hydrophilic near-infrared photosensitizer (3-PyEBr)4BCBr4 with reduced molecule size had significantly higher efficacy of photodynamic inactivation of P. aeruginosa biofilms compared with other studied photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Meerovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. .,National Research Nuclear University "MEPHI", Moscow, Russia.
| | - E V Akhlyustina
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPHI", Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Tiganova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Lukyanets
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Makarova
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - E R Tolordava
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Yuzhakova
- Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - I D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N I Philipova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu S Zhizhimova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu M Romanova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University "MEPHI", Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Gintsburg
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Meerovich IG, Sanarova EV, Meerovich GA, Derkacheva VM, Volkov KA, Negrimovsky VM, Barkanova SV, Lukyanets EA, Oborotova NA, Smirnova ZS, Borisova LM, Lantsova AV, Polozkova AP, Orlova OL, Loschenov VB, Umnova LV, Baryshnikov AY, Vorozhtsov GN. Near-infrared photosensitizers based on nanostructured forms of phthalocyanine derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215010430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Makarov VI, Vasil’chenko SY, Ryabova AV, Konov VI, Shevchenko EN, Lukyanets EA, Ermakov AE, Loschenov VB. Photodynamic effect of iron(III) oxide nanoparticles coated with zinc phthalocyanine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321501048x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Meerovich IG, Gulyaev MV, Meerovich GA, Belov MS, Derkacheva VM, Dolotova OV, Loschenov VB, Baryshnikov AY, Pirogov YA. Study of phthalocyanine derivatives as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215010478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Grachev PV, Lin’kov KG, Loschenov VB. A method of controlled skin surface cooling during photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia treatment. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215010508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Makarov VI, Vasil’chenko SY, Ryabova AV, Loschenov VB. Use of optical-spectral methods for in vivo noninvasive assessment of nanoparticles accumulation in biological tissues. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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20
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Stratonnikov AA, Loschenov VB. Evaluation of blood oxygen saturation in vivo from diffuse reflectance spectra. J Biomed Opt 2001; 6:457-67. [PMID: 11728206 DOI: 10.1117/1.1411979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/1999] [Revised: 09/26/2000] [Accepted: 03/19/2001] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A simple method to evaluate the hemoglobin oxygen saturation and relative hemoglobin concentration in a tissue from diffuse reflectance spectra in the visible wavelength range is put forward in this paper. It was assumed that while oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin contributions to light attenuation are strongly variable functions of wavelength, all other contributions to the attenuation including scattering are smooth wavelength functions and can be approximated by Taylor series expansion. Based on this assumption, a simple, robust algorithm suitable for real time monitoring of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the tissue has been derived. This algorithm can be used with different fiber probe configurations for delivering and collecting light passed through the tissue. An experimental technique using this algorithm has been developed for in vivo monitoring during artery occlusion and in vitro monitoring of blood samples. The experimental results obtained are presented in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Stratonnikov
- General Physics Institute, Laser Biospectroscopy Lab, 38, Vavilov Street, Moscow 117942, Russia.
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21
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Stratonnikov AA, Douplik AJ, Loschenov VB. Oxygen consumption and its transport in tissues during photodynamic therapy of tumors and whole blood. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 471:515-23. [PMID: 10659185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4717-4_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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