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Damle VG, Wu K, Arouri DJ, Schirhagl R. Detecting free radicals post viral infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 191:8-23. [PMID: 36002131 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Free radical generation plays a key role in viral infections. While free radicals have an antimicrobial effect on bacteria or fungi, their interplay with viruses is complicated and varies greatly for different types of viruses as well as different radical species. In some cases, radical generation contributes to the defense against the viruses and thus reduces the viral load. In other cases, radical generation induces mutations or damages the host tissue and can increase the viral load. This has led to antioxidants being used to treat viral infections. Here we discuss the roles that radicals play in virus pathology. Furthermore, we critically review methods that facilitate the detection of free radicals in vivo or in vitro in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Damle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D J Arouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Nie L, Nusantara AC, Damle VG, Sharmin R, Evans EPP, Hemelaar SR, van der Laan KJ, Li R, Perona Martinez FP, Vedelaar T, Chipaux M, Schirhagl R. Quantum monitoring of cellular metabolic activities in single mitochondria. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/21/eabf0573. [PMID: 34138746 PMCID: PMC8133708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals play a vital role in all kinds of biological processes including immune responses. However, free radicals have short lifetimes and are highly reactive, making them difficult to measure using current methods. Here, we demonstrate that relaxometry measurement, or T1, inherited from the field of diamond magnetometry can be used to detect free radicals in living cells with subcellular resolution. This quantum sensing technique is based on defects in diamond, which convert a magnetic signal into an optical signal, allowing nanoscale magnetic resonance measurements. We functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) to target single mitochondria within macrophage cells to detect the metabolic activity. In addition, we performed measurements on single isolated mitochondria. We were able to detect free radicals generated by individual mitochondria in either living cells or isolated mitochondria after stimulation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nie
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - A C Nusantara
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - V G Damle
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - R Sharmin
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - E P P Evans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - S R Hemelaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - K J van der Laan
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - R Li
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - F P Perona Martinez
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - T Vedelaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M Chipaux
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - R Schirhagl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
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