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Zhang X, Duan J, Kesisoglou F, Novakovic J, Amidon GL, Jamei M, Lukacova V, Eissing T, Tsakalozou E, Zhao L, Lionberger R. Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modeling and Simulation for Formulation Development and Bioequivalence Evaluation: Report of an FDA Public Workshop. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:492-495. [PMID: 28571121 PMCID: PMC5572334 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
On May 19, 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hosted a public workshop, entitled “Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modeling and Simulation for Formulation Development and Bioequivalence Evaluation.”1 The topic of mechanistic oral absorption modeling, which is one of the major applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation, focuses on predicting oral absorption by mechanistically integrating gastrointestinal transit, dissolution, and permeation processes, incorporating systems, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), and the drug product information, into a systemic mathematical whole‐body framework.2
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - J Duan
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - F Kesisoglou
- Biopharmaceutics and Specialty Dosage Forms, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - G L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Jamei
- Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., Lancaster, California, USA
| | - T Eissing
- Bayer AG, Systems Pharmacology, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - E Tsakalozou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - L Zhao
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - R Lionberger
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Samant TS, Lukacova V, Schmidt S. Development and Qualification of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Drugs With Atypical Distribution Behavior: A Desipramine Case Study. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:315-321. [PMID: 28398693 PMCID: PMC5697013 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Desipramine is a secondary tricyclic amine, which is primarily metabolized by cytochrome 2D6. It shows a high volume of distribution (Vss) (10–50 L/kg) due to its high lipophilicity, unspecific phospholipid binding, and lysosomal trapping. The objective of this study was to develop and qualify a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for desipramine, which accounts for the high Vss of the drug following intravenous and oral administration of doses up to 100 mg. The model also accounts for the extended time to reach maximum concentration after oral dosing due to enterocyte trapping. Once developed and qualified in adults, we characterized the dynamic changes in metabolism and pharmacokinetics of desipramine after birth by scaling the system‐specific parameters of the model from adults to pediatrics. The developed modeling strategy provides a prototypical workflow that can also be applied to other drugs with similar properties and a high volume of distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Samant
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Lake Nona (Orlando), Florida, USA
| | - V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., Lancaster, California, USA
| | - S Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Lake Nona (Orlando), Florida, USA
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Martinez MN, Mistry B, Lukacova V, Lentz KA, Polli JE, Hoag SW, Dowling T, Kona R, Fahmy RM. Exploring Canine-Human Differences in Product Performance. Part II: Use of Modeling and Simulation to Explore the Impact of Formulation on Ciprofloxacin In Vivo Absorption and Dissolution in Dogs. AAPS J 2017; 19:712-726. [PMID: 28265981 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the in vivo performance of three oral ciprofloxacin formulations (oral solution, fast, or slow dissolving tablets) in beagle dogs. The in vivo absorption and dissolution behaviors, estimated with in silico mechanistic models, were compared to the results previously published in human volunteers. Six normal healthy male beagle dogs (five to completion) received three oral formulations and an intravenous infusion in a randomized crossover design. Plasma ciprofloxacin concentrations were estimated by tandem mass spectrometry detection. A mechanistic absorption model was used to predict the in vivo dissolution and absorption characteristics of the oral formulations. Canine ciprofloxacin absorption was constrained to the duodenum/jejunum. This absorption window was far narrower than that seen in humans. Furthermore, while substantial within-individual variability in drug absorption was seen in human subjects, a greater magnitude of variability was observed in dogs. For three sets of data, a lag time in gastric emptying was necessary to improve the accuracy of model-generated in vivo blood level profile predictions. In addition to species-associated dissimilarities in drug solubilization due to human versus canine differences in gastrointestinal fluid compositions, the far more rapid intestinal transit time and potential segmental differences in drug absorption needed to be considered during human-canine extrapolation of oral drug and drug product performance. Through the use of mechanistic models, the data generated in the human and canine studies contributed insights into some aspects of the interspecies differences to be considered when extrapolating oral bioavailability/formulation effect data between dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Martinez
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA.
| | - B Mistry
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - K A Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - J E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - S W Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - T Dowling
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Michigan, 49307, USA
| | - R Kona
- Division of Formulation Development, Actavis Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey, 07054, USA
| | - R M Fahmy
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
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Jorga K, Chavanne C, Frey N, Lave T, Lukacova V, Parrott N, Peck R, Reigner B. Bottom-up Meets Top-down: Complementary Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Regulatory Approval of a Dosing Algorithm of Valganciclovir in Very Young Children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:761-769. [PMID: 27530217 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are frequently used to support pediatric drug development. Both methods have strengths and limitations and we used them complementarily to support the regulatory approval of a dosing algorithm for valganciclovir (VGCV) in children <4 months old. An existing pediatric PBPK model was extended to neonates and showed that potential physiological differences compared with older children are minor. The PopPK model was used to simulate ganciclovir (GCV) exposures in children with population typical combinations of body size and renal function and to assess the effectiveness of an alternative dosing algorithm suggested by the US Food and Drug Administration. PBPK and PopPK confirmed that the proposed VGCV dosing algorithm achieves similar GCV exposures in children of all ages and that the alternative dosing algorithm leads to underexposure in a substantial fraction of patients. Our approach raised the confidence in the VGCV dosing algorithm for children <4 months old and supported the regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jorga
- KarinJorga Life Science Consulting GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Chavanne
- Pharma Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Frey
- Pharma Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Lave
- Pharma Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V Lukacova
- SimulationsPlus, Inc., Lancaster, California, USA
| | - N Parrott
- Pharma Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Peck
- Pharma Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Reigner
- Pharma Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Lukacova V, Goelzer P, Reddy M, Greig G, Reigner B, Parrott N. A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Ganciclovir and Its Prodrug Valganciclovir in Adults and Children. AAPS J 2016; 18:1453-1463. [PMID: 27450227 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed for ganciclovir and its prodrug valganciclovir. Initial bottom-up modeling based on physicochemical drug properties and measured in vitro inputs was verified in preclinical animal species, and then, a clinical model was verified in a stepwise fashion with pharmacokinetic data in adult, children, and neonatal patients. The final model incorporated conversion of valganciclovir to ganciclovir through esterases and permeability-limited tissue distribution of both drugs with active transport processes added in gut, liver, and kidney. A PBPK model which accounted for known age-related tissue volumes, composition and blood flows, and renal filtration clearance was able to simulate well the measured plasma exposures in adults and pediatric patients. Overall, this work illustrates the stepwise development of PBPK models which could be used to predict pharmacokinetics in infants and neonates, thereby assisting drug development in a vulnerable patient population where clinical data are challenging to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - P Goelzer
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19380, USA
| | - M Reddy
- Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado, 80301, USA
| | - G Greig
- Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Reigner
- Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Brouwer KLR, Aleksunes LM, Brandys B, Giacoia GP, Knipp G, Lukacova V, Meibohm B, Nigam SK, Rieder M, de Wildt SN. Human Ontogeny of Drug Transporters: Review and Recommendations of the Pediatric Transporter Working Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 98:266-87. [PMID: 26088472 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The critical importance of membrane-bound transporters in pharmacotherapy is widely recognized, but little is known about drug transporter activity in children. In this white paper, the Pediatric Transporter Working Group presents a systematic review of the ontogeny of clinically relevant membrane transporters (e.g., SLC, ABC superfamilies) in intestine, liver, and kidney. Different developmental patterns for individual transporters emerge, but much remains unknown. Recommendations to increase our understanding of membrane transporters in pediatric pharmacotherapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - L M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - B Brandys
- NIH Library, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - G P Giacoia
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - G Knipp
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, lnc., Lancaster, California, USA
| | - B Meibohm
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - S K Nigam
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - M Rieder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S N de Wildt
- Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Parrott N, Lukacova V, Fraczkiewicz G, Bolger MB. Predicting pharmacokinetics of drugs using physiologically based modeling--application to food effects. AAPS J 2009; 11:45-53. [PMID: 19184451 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the major mechanisms underlying the effect of food on drug absorption allows reliable qualitative prediction based on biopharmaceutical properties, which can be assessed during the pre-clinical phase of drug discovery. Furthermore, several recent examples have shown that physiologically based absorption models incorporating biorelevant drug solubility measurements can provide quite accurate quantitative prediction of food effect. However, many molecules currently in development have distinctly sub-optimal biopharmaceutical properties, making the quantitative prediction of food effect for different formulations from in vitro data very challenging. If such drugs reach clinical development and show undesirable variability when dosed with food, improved formulation can help to reduce the food effect and carefully designed in vivo studies in dogs can be a useful guide to clinical formulation development. Even so, such in vivo studies provide limited throughput for screening, and food effects seen in dog cannot always be directly translated to human. This paper describes how physiologically based absorption modeling can play a role in the prediction of food effect by integrating the data generated during pre-clinical and clinical research and development. Such data include physicochemical and in vitro drug properties, biorelevant solubility and dissolution, and in vivo pre-clinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data. Some background to current physiological absorption models of human and dog is given, and refinements to models of in vivo drug solubility and dissolution are described. These are illustrated with examples using GastroPlus to simulate the food effect in dog and human for different formulations of two marketed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Parrott
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Pharma Research Non-Clinical Development, Non-Clinical Drug Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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