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Hsu CF, Seenan V, Wang LY, Chu TY. Ovulation Enhances Intraperitoneal and Ovarian Seedings of High-Grade Serous Carcinoma Cells Originating from the Fallopian Tube: Confirmation in a Bursa-Free Mouse Xenograft Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116211. [PMID: 35682896 PMCID: PMC9181345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, new paradigms for the etiology and origin of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) have emerged. The carcinogens released during ovulation transform fallopian tube epithelial cells, exfoliating and metastasizing to the peritoneal organs, including the ovaries. Solid in vivo evidence of the paradigms in a mouse model is urgently needed but is hampered by the differing tubo-ovarian structures. In mice, there is a bursa structure surrounding the distal oviduct and ovary. This, on one hand, prevents the direct influence of ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) on the exfoliated tumor cells. On the other hand, it hinders the seeding of exfoliated tumor cells into the ovary. Methods: In this study, we created a bursa-free mouse xenograft model to examine the effect of superovulation on peritoneal and ovarian metastases of transformed human tubal epithelial cells after intraperitoneal injection in NSG mice. Results: The bursa-free mouse model showed a better effect of ovulation on peritoneal metastasis. In this model, superovulation increased the number of transformed human tubal epithelial cell seedlings after intraperitoneal injection. Compared to the bursa-intact state, bursa-free ovaries were more vulnerable to external tumor seeding in either normal ovulation or superovulation state. Conclusions: This study provides the first in vivo evidence that intraperitoneal spreading of tubal HGSC cells is enhanced by ovulation. This study also demonstrated a mouse model for studying ovary-peritoneum interaction in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Fang Hsu
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (V.S.); (L.-Y.W.)
| | - Vaishnavi Seenan
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (V.S.); (L.-Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yuan Wang
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (V.S.); (L.-Y.W.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (V.S.); (L.-Y.W.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Lin CY, Jhang YS, Lai SC, Chen EL, Lin IH, Chang TW, Tseng YW, Seenan V, Shiung J, Chen MH, Chiang YC, Chen TI, Tzeng YJ. Antifatigue properties of tanshinone IIA in mice subjected to the forced swimming test. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:2264-2269. [PMID: 29171356 PMCID: PMC6130709 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1401648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a constituent of Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae); however, its antifatigue activity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the antifatigue properties of Tan IIA and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In program I, three mouse groups were separately subjected to three gavages with 0, 1 and 6 mg/kg Tan IIA and forced swimming test (FST) weekly for 8 weeks; in program II, one gavage with 0, 2 and 10 mg/kg Tan IIA was administered plus FST weekly for 4 weeks. Serum glucose, lactate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined after final FST. RESULTS Tan IIA significantly prolonged swimming durations in program I but not in program II. Swimming times were 3208 ± 1054 and 2443 ± 1054 s for the 1 and 6 mg/kg treatments and 856 ± 292 s for the vehicle control. The two doses significantly reduced serum glucose levels (40.3 ± 8.5 and 60.0 1 ± 11.8 mg/kg) and lactate levels (61.3 ± 27.5 and 68.8 ± 8.5 mg/kg) in treated mice compared with those in control mice (137.5 ± 38.6 mg/kg and 122.7 ± 18.2 mg/kg, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed regarding SOD, MDA or BUN levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Tan IIA has antifatigue activity and is associated with reductions in serum glucose and lactate levels. Further studies should assess muscle hypertrophy and efficient aerobic glycolysis caused by Tan IIA. Tan IIA has potential as a pharmacological agent for fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueh-Yu Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shu Jhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chi Lai
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Buddhist Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - En-Li Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsin Lin
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Chang
- Division of Crop Improvement, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Tseng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Vaishnavi Seenan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Jane Shiung
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hua Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Chiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Chen
- Center of Physical Education, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Jeh Tzeng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- CONTACT Yin-Jeh Tzeng, Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City97004, Taiwan
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