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Mollaeva MR, Nikolskaya E, Beganovskaya V, Sokol M, Chirkina M, Obydennyi S, Belykh D, Startseva O, Mollaev MD, Yabbarov N. Oxidative Damage Induced by Phototoxic Pheophorbide a 17-Diethylene Glycol Ester Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1985. [PMID: 34943088 PMCID: PMC8750000 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheophorbide a 17-diethylene glycol ester (XL-8), is a promising high-active derivative of known photosensitizer chlorin e6 used in photodynamic therapy. However, high lipophilicity and poor tumor accumulation limit XL-8 therapeutic application. We developed a novel XL-8 loaded with poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles using the single emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The nanoparticles possessed high XL-8 loading content (4.6%) and encapsulation efficiency (87.7%) and a small size (182 ± 19 nm), and negative surface charge (-22.2 ± 3.8 mV) contributed to a specific intracellular accumulation. Sustained biphasic XL-8 release from nanoparticles enhanced the photosensitizer photostability upon irradiation that could potentially reduce the quantity of the drug applied. Additionally, the encapsulation of XL-8 in the polymer matrix preserved phototoxic activity of the payload. The nanoparticles displayed enhanced cellular internalization. Flow cytometry and confocal laser-scanning microscopy studies revealed rapid XL-8 loaded nanoparticles distribution throughout the cell and initiation of DNA damage, glutathione depletion, and lipid peroxidation via reactive oxygen species formation. The novel nanoformulated XL-8 simultaneously revealed a significant phototoxicity accompanied with enhanced photostability, in contrast with traditional photosensitizers, and demonstrated a great potential for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia R. Mollaeva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
- JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Nikolskaya
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
- JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Veronika Beganovskaya
- JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies and Biomedical Products, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Sokol
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
- JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Margarita Chirkina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
- JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey Obydennyi
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Belykh
- Institute of Chemistry of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia;
| | - Olga Startseva
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia;
| | - Murad D. Mollaev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nikita Yabbarov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.); (M.S.); (M.C.)
- JSC Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, 117149 Moscow, Russia;
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