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Okabe R, Xue S, Vavrek JR, Yu J, Pavlovsky R, Negut V, Quiter BJ, Cates JW, Liu T, Forget B, Jegelka S, Kohse G, Hu LW, Li M. Tetris-inspired detector with neural network for radiation mapping. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3061. [PMID: 38594238 PMCID: PMC11004156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation mapping has attracted widespread research attention and increased public concerns on environmental monitoring. Regarding materials and their configurations, radiation detectors have been developed to identify the position and strength of the radioactive sources. However, due to the complex mechanisms of radiation-matter interaction and data limitation, high-performance and low-cost radiation mapping is still challenging. Here, we present a radiation mapping framework using Tetris-inspired detector pixels. Applying inter-pixel padding for enhancing contrast between pixels and neural networks trained with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data, a detector with as few as four pixels can achieve high-resolution directional prediction. A moving detector with Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) further achieved radiation position localization. Field testing with a simple detector has verified the capability of the MAP method for source localization. Our framework offers an avenue for high-quality radiation mapping with simple detector configurations and is anticipated to be deployed for real-world radiation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Okabe
- Quantum Measurement Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Shangjie Xue
- Quantum Measurement Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jayson R Vavrek
- Applied Nuclear Physics Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jiankai Yu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ryan Pavlovsky
- Applied Nuclear Physics Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Victor Negut
- Applied Nuclear Physics Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brian J Quiter
- Applied Nuclear Physics Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua W Cates
- Applied Nuclear Physics Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Quantum Measurement Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Benoit Forget
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stefanie Jegelka
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gordon Kohse
- Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lin-Wen Hu
- Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Mingda Li
- Quantum Measurement Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Cates JW, Steele J, Balajthy J, Negut V, Hausladen P, Ziock K, Brubaker E. Front-End Design for SiPM-Based Monolithic Neutron Double Scatter Imagers. Sensors 2022; 22:s22093553. [PMID: 35591242 PMCID: PMC9101142 DOI: 10.3390/s22093553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutron double scatter imaging exploits the kinematics of neutron elastic scattering to enable emission imaging of neutron sources. Due to the relatively low coincidence detection efficiency of fast neutrons in organic scintillator arrays, imaging efficiency for double scatter cameras can also be low. One method to realize significant gains in neutron coincidence detection efficiency is to develop neutron double scatter detectors which employ monolithic blocks of organic scintillator, instrumented with photosensor arrays on multiple faces to enable 3D position and multi-interaction time pickoff. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have several advantageous characteristics for this approach, including high photon detection efficiency (PDE), good single photon time resolution (SPTR), high gain that translates to single photon counting capabilities, and ability to be tiled into large arrays with high packing fraction and photosensitive area fill factor. However, they also have a tradeoff in high uncorrelated and correlated noise rates (dark counts from thermionic emissions and optical photon crosstalk generated during avalanche) which may complicate event positioning algorithms. We have evaluated the noise characteristics and SPTR of Hamamatsu S13360-6075 SiPMs with low noise, fast electronic readout for integration into a monolithic neutron scatter camera prototype. The sensors and electronic readout were implemented in a small-scale prototype detector in order to estimate expected noise performance for a monolithic neutron scatter camera and perform proof-of-concept measurements for scintillation photon counting and three-dimensional event positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Cates
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - John Steele
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Jon Balajthy
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Victor Negut
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Paul Hausladen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (P.H.); (K.Z.)
| | - Klaus Ziock
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (P.H.); (K.Z.)
| | - Erik Brubaker
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (E.B.)
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