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Tasevska N, Palma-Duran SA, Sagi-Kiss V, Commins J, Barrett B, Kipnis V, Midthune D, O'Brien DM, Freedman LS. Urinary Sucrose and Fructose From Spot Urine May Be Used as a Predictive Biomarker of Total Sugar Intake-Findings From a Controlled Feeding Study. J Nutr 2023; 153:1816-1824. [PMID: 37030594 PMCID: PMC10308266 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we confirmed 24-h urinary sucrose plus fructose (24 uSF) as a predictive biomarker of total sugar intake. However, the collection of 24-h urine samples has limited feasibility in population studies. OBJECTIVE We investigated the utility of the urinary sucrose plus fructose (uSF) biomarker measured in spot urine as a measure of 24 uSF biomarker and total sugar intake. METHODS Hundred participants, 18-70 y of age, from the Phoenix Metropolitan Area completed a 15-d feeding study. For 2 of the 8 collected 24-h urine samples, each spot urine sample was collected in a separate container. We considered 4 timed voids of the day [morning (AM) void: first void 08:30-12:30; afternoon (PM) void: first void 12:31-17:30; evening (EVE) void: first void 17:31-12:00; and next-day (ND) void: first void 04:00-12:00]. We investigated the performance of uSF from 1 void, and uSF combined from 2 and 3 voids as a measure of 24 uSF and sugar intake. RESULTS The biomarker averaged from PM/EVE void strongly correlated with 24 uSF (partial r = 0.75). The 24 uSF predicted from the PM/EVE combination was significantly associated with observed sugar intake and was selected for building the calibrated biomarker equation (marginal R2 = 0.36). Spot urine-based calibrated biomarker, ie, biomarker-estimated sugar intake was moderately correlated with the 15-d mean-observed sugar intake (r = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS uSF measured from a PM and EVE void may be used to generate biomarker-based sugar intake estimate when collecting 24-h urine samples is not feasible, pending external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tasevska
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Susana A Palma-Duran
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - John Commins
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Brian Barrett
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Victor Kipnis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Douglas Midthune
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Laurence S Freedman
- Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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James EN, Sagi-Kiss V, Bennett M, Mycielska ME, Karen-Ng LP, Roberts T, Matta S, Dokal I, Bundy JG, Parkinson EK. Dyskeratosis Congenita links telomere attrition to age-related systemic energetics. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:780-789. [PMID: 36651908 PMCID: PMC10172980 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Underlying mechanisms of plasma metabolite signatures of human ageing and age-related diseases are not clear but telomere attrition and dysfunction are central to both. Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) is associated with mutations in the telomerase enzyme complex (TERT, TERC, and DKC1) and progressive telomere attrition. We analyzed the effect of telomere attrition on senescence associated metabolites in fibroblast conditioned media and DC patient plasma. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry. We showed extracellular citrate was repressed by canonical telomerase function in vitro and associated with DC leukocyte telomere attrition in vivo; leading to the hypothesis that altered citrate metabolism detects telomere dysfunction. However, elevated citrate and senescence factors only weakly distinguished DC patients from controls, whereas elevated levels of other tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, lactate and especially pyruvate distinguished them with high significance. The DC plasma signature most resembled that of patients with loss of function pyruvate dehydrogenase complex mutations and that of older subjects but significantly not those of type 2 diabetes, lactic acidosis, or elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (1-3). Additionally, our data are consistent with further metabolism of citrate and lactate in the liver and kidneys. Citrate uptake in certain organs modulates age-related disease in mice and our data has similarities with age-related disease signatures in humans. Our results have implications for the role of telomere dysfunction in human ageing in addition to its early diagnosis and the monitoring of anti-senescence therapeutics, especially those designed to improve telomere function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Naomi James
- Centre for Oral Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maria Elzbieta Mycielska
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lee Peng Karen-Ng
- Centre for Oral Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Terry Roberts
- College of Health, Medical and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Sheila Matta
- College of Health, Medical and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Inderjeet Dokal
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Jacob Guy Bundy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Oral Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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Tasevska N, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran S, Barrett B, Commins J, Midthune D, Kipnis V, O'Brien D, Freedman L. Sucrose and Fructose in Spot Urine as a Biomarker of Total Sugars Intake – Findings From a Controlled Feeding Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [PMCID: PMC9194278 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac063.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the utility of sucrose and fructose measured in spot urine (uSF) as a measure of 24-h urinary sucrose and fructose (24uSF) and a biomarker of total sugars (TS) intake. Methods A hundred participants, 18–70 years of age, recruited from the Phoenix Metropolitan Area completed a 15-d controlled feeding study, which simulated their usual dietary behavior. Participants collected eight nonconsecutive 24-h urines; for two of the urine collections, each spot urine void was collected in a separate container. In the analysis, we considered four voids out of all voids collected for the day [AM void – 1st void after a meal or between 8:30 am to 12:30 pm; PM void - 1st void after a meal and between 12:31 pm to 5:30 pm; EVE void - 1st void after a meal and between 5:31 pm to 12:00 am; and Next-day (ND) void - 1st next day morning void and between 4:00 am to 12:00 pm]. We investigated the performance of uSF measured in one void, and uSF combined from two and three voids as a measure of 1) 24uSF and 2) TS intake. Results Among the four selected voids, averaged over two collection days, uSF measured in the EVE void correlated best with 24uSF [partial r (adjusted for urinary creatinine) = 0.69]. For uSF biomarker combined from two voids, PM/EVE void produced the strongest correlation with 24uSF (r = 0.75). The correlation only marginally improved, when adding a 3rd void (PM/EVE/ND: r = 0.78). Based on these findings, we developed prediction equations for log(24uSF) based on log(uSF) measured in EVE, PM/EVE or PM/EVE/ND voids, adjusted for gender, log(age), BMI and log(creatinine). The R2 from the linear mixed model relating predicted 24uSF based on EVE, PM/EVE or PM/EVE/ND voids with observed TS, age and gender was 0.30, 0.46 and 0.48, respectively. Biomarker-estimated TS intake based on log(24uSF) predicted from PM/EVE voids had moderate model-based estimates of correlation with ‘usual’ TS intake (for uSF measured in PM/EVE voids from 1 day, r = 0.34; from 2 days, r = 0.45; and from 4 days, r = 0.52). Conclusions Our findings suggest that uSF measured in PM/EVE voids performs well as a measure of 24uSF, and may be used to generate biomarker-based TS intake estimate when collecting of 24-urine is not feasible. Collecting PM and EVE voids over at least 2 nonconsecutive days rather than one day will produce less biased results. Funding Sources NIH - National Cancer Institute.
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Johnson J, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran S, Barrett B, Chaloux M, Commins J, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Freedman L, Tasevska N, O'Brien D. Added Sugars Intake Explained by Amino Acid Carbon Isotope Ratio Profiles in a Controlled Feeding Study of U.S. Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [PMCID: PMC9194038 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac067.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate an amino acid carbon stable isotope ratio (CIRAA) biomarker of added sugars (AS) intake in a controlled feeding study of men and women across age and BMI groups.
Methods
We conducted a 15-d feeding study in Phoenix, AZ, of men and women (N = 100, aged 18–70 y, BMI 17.9–35.0) who were recruited across sex, age, and BMI groups. Participants were provided personalized diets that resembled their habitual intakes, based on 2 consecutive 7-d food records. We measured CIRAAs in serum samples (N = 99) collected at the end of the feeding period and determined correlations with dietary intakes. We used forward selection to construct a model to explain AS intake using participant characteristics and 14 measured CIRAAs. This model was internally validated using a bootstrap optimism correction.
Results
Median (25th, 75th percentile) AS intake was 65.2 g/d (44.7, 81.4) and 9.5% (7.2%, 12.4%) of energy. The CIR of alanine had the highest, though still modest, correlation with AS intake (Pearson r = 0.32, P = 0.001). Serum CIRAAs were more highly correlated with animal food intakes, especially the ratio of animal to total protein intake (APR). The highest correlations were between the APR and the CIRs of phenylalanine (Pearson r = 0.85, P < 0.001) and leucine (Pearson r = 0.84, P < 0.001). The model of AS intake included participant sex and body weight and the CIRs of 6 AAs: alanine, valine, lysine, glutamic acid, serine, and glycine. This model had modest explanatory power (multiple R2 = 0.38), and the optimism-corrected R2 for the model was lower (R2 = 0.15).
Conclusions
The observed association between serum CIRAAs and AS intake in the U.S. diet is encouraging; however, further investigation in populations with wider ranges of AS intake is warranted.
Funding Sources
National Cancer Institute; Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences.
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Freedman LS, Kipnis V, Midthune D, Commins J, Barrett B, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran SA, Johnston CS, O'Brien DM, Tasevska N. Establishing 24-Hour Urinary Sucrose Plus Fructose as a Predictive Biomarker for Total Sugars Intake. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1227-1232. [PMID: 35314857 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twenty-four-hour urinary sucrose and fructose (24uSF) has been studied as a biomarker of total sugars intake in two feeding studies conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) and Arizona (AZ). We compare the biomarker performance in these populations, testing whether it meets the criteria for a predictive biomarker. METHODS The UK and AZ feeding studies included 13 and 98 participants, respectively, aged 18 to 70 years, consuming their usual diet under controlled conditions. Linear mixed models relating 24uSF to total sugars and personal characteristics were developed in each study and compared. The AZ calibrated biomarker equation was applied to generate biomarker-estimated total sugars intake in UK participants. Stability of the model across AZ study subpopulations was also examined. RESULTS Model coefficients were similar between the two studies [e.g., log(total sugars): UK 0.99, AZ 1.03, P = 0.67], as was the ratio of calibrated biomarker person-specific bias to between-person variance (UK 0.32, AZ 0.25, P = 0.68). The AZ equation estimated UK log(total sugar intakes) with mean squared prediction error of 0.27, similar to the AZ study estimate (0.28). Within the AZ study, the regression coefficients of log(total sugars) were similar across age, gender, and body mass index subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS Similar model coefficients in the two studies and good prediction of UK sugar intakes by the AZ equation suggest that 24uSF meets the criteria for a predictive biomarker. Testing the biomarker performance in other populations is advisable. IMPACT Applications of the 24uSF biomarker will enable improved assessment of the role of sugars intake in risk of chronic disease, including cancer. See related commentary by Prentice, p. 1151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence S Freedman
- Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Victor Kipnis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - John Commins
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brian Barrett
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Natasha Tasevska
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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Sagi-Kiss V, Li Y, Carey MR, Grover SJ, Siems K, Cirulli F, Berry A, Musillo C, Wilson ID, Want EJ, Bundy JG. Ion-Pairing Chromatography and Amine Derivatization Provide Complementary Approaches for the Targeted LC-MS Analysis of the Polar Metabolome. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1428-1437. [PMID: 35536659 PMCID: PMC9171846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is a key metabolomics/metabonomics technology. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is very widely used as a separation step, but typically has poor retention of highly polar metabolites. Here, we evaluated the combination of two alternative methods for improving retention of polar metabolites based on 6-aminoquinoloyl-N-hydroxysuccinidimyl carbamate derivatization for amine groups, and ion-pairing chromatography (IPC) using tributylamine as an ion-pairing agent to retain acids. We compared both of these methods to RPLC and also to each other, for targeted analysis using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, applied to a library of ca. 500 polar metabolites. IPC and derivatization were complementary in terms of their coverage: combined, they improved the proportion of metabolites with good retention to 91%, compared to just 39% for RPLC alone. The combined method was assessed by analyzing a set of liver extracts from aged male and female mice that had been treated with the polyphenol compound ampelopsin. Not only were a number of significantly changed metabolites detected, but also it could be shown that there was a clear interaction between ampelopsin treatment and sex, in that the direction of metabolite change was opposite for males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virag Sagi-Kiss
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Matthew R Carey
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sarah J Grover
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Karsten Siems
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Berry
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Musillo
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Elizabeth J Want
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jacob G Bundy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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O'Brien DM, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran SA, Cunningham C, Barrett B, Johnston CS, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Freedman LS, Tasevska N. An evaluation of the serum carbon isotope ratio as a candidate predictive biomarker of the dietary animal protein ratio (animal protein/total protein) in a 15-day controlled feeding study of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1134-1143. [PMID: 35030258 PMCID: PMC8970990 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum natural abundance carbon isotope ratio (CIR) was recently identified as a candidate biomarker of animal protein intake in postmenopausal women. Such a biomarker would help clarify the relation between dietary protein source (plant or animal) and chronic disease risk. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the performance of the serum CIR as a biomarker of dietary protein source in a controlled feeding study of men and women of diverse age and BMI. METHODS We conducted a 15-d feeding study of 100 adults (age: 18-70 y, 55% women) in Phoenix, AZ. Participants were provided individualized diets that approximated habitual food intakes. Serum was collected at the end of the feeding period for biomarker measurements. RESULTS Median [IQR] animal protein intake was 67 g/d [55-88 g/d], which was 64% of total protein. The serum CIR was positively correlated with animal protein and inversely correlated with plant protein intake, leading to a strong correlation (r2 = 0.76) with the dietary animal protein ratio (APR; animal/total protein). Regressing serum CIR on the APR, serum nitrogen isotope ratio (NIR), gender, age, and body weight generated an R2 of 0.78. Following the measurement error model for predictive biomarkers, the resulting regression equation was then inverted to develop a calibrated biomarker equation for APR. Added sugars ratio (added/total sugars intake) and corn intakes also influenced the serum CIR but to a much lesser degree than the APR; variations in these intakes had only small effects on biomarker-estimated APR. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings in this US cohort of mixed sex and age, we propose the serum CIR alongside NIR as a predictive dietary biomarker of the APR. We anticipate using this biomarker to generate calibrated estimates based on self-reported intake and ultimately to obtain more precise disease risk estimates according to dietary protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- Present address for VS-K: School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Brian Barrett
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Midthune
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Kipnis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laurence S Freedman
- Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Natasha Tasevska
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Tasevska N, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran SA, Barrett B, Chaloux M, Commins J, O'Brien DM, Johnston CS, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Freedman LS. Investigating the performance of 24-h urinary sucrose and fructose as a biomarker of total sugars intake in US participants - a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:721-730. [PMID: 34036321 PMCID: PMC8326031 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing approaches for the objective assessment of sugars intake in population research is crucial for generating reliable disease risk estimates, and evidence-based dietary guidelines. Twenty-four-hour urinary sucrose and fructose (24uSF) was developed as a predictive biomarker of total sugars intake based on 3 UK feeding studies, yet its performance as a biomarker of total sugars among US participants is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the performance of 24uSF as a biomarker of sugars intake among US participants, and to characterize its use. METHODS Ninety-eight participants, aged 18-70 y, consumed their usual diet under controlled conditions of a feeding study for 15 d, and collected 8 nonconsecutive 24-h urines measured for sucrose and fructose. RESULTS A linear mixed model regressing log 24uSF biomarker on log total sugars intake along with other covariates explained 56% of the biomarker variance. Total sugars intake was the strongest predictor in the model (Marginal R2 = 0.52; P <0.0001), followed by sex (P = 0.0002) and log age (P = 0.002). The equation was then inverted to solve for total sugars intake, thus generating a calibrated biomarker equation. Calibration of the biomarker produced mean biomarker-based log total sugars of 4.79 (SD = 0.59), which was similar to the observed log 15-d mean total sugars intake of 4.69 (0.35). The correlation between calibrated biomarker and usual total sugars intake was 0.59 for the calibrated biomarker based on a single biomarker measurement, and 0.76 based on 4 biomarker repeats spaced far apart. CONCLUSIONS In this controlled feeding study, total sugars intake was the main determinant of 24uSF confirming its utility as a biomarker of total sugars in this population. Next steps will include validation of stability assumptions of the biomarker calibration equation proposed here, which will allow its use as an instrument for dietary validation and measurement error correction in diet-disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tasevska
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Brian Barrett
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - John Commins
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Carol S Johnston
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Midthune
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Kipnis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laurence S Freedman
- Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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9
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O'Brien D, Tasevska N, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran SA, Barrett B, Commins J, Rivera P, Johnston C, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Freedman L. The Carbon Isotope Ratio of Breath Is Elevated by Short and Long-Term Added Sugar and Animal Protein Intake in a Controlled Feeding Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab053_062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Objective biomarkers would help to clarify relationships between added sugar (AS) intake and chronic disease. A recent study identified the breath carbon isotope ratio (CIR) as a potential short-term AS biomarker. To further evaluate the biomarker potential of the breath CIR, we evaluate the effects of both short and longer-term intakes of AS in the context of normal dietary intake patterns, and also evaluate animal protein (AP), another dietary factor known to influence CIR.
Methods
We conducted a 15-d controlled feeding study of 100 adults (age 18–70, 55% women) in Phoenix, AZ. Participants were provided individualized diets that approximated habitual food intakes and recorded the time that all foods were consumed throughout each day. Three breath samples were collected on each of 3 nonconsecutive, randomly selected study days: one fasting sample, one “morning” sample (collected 10:00–14:00) and one “evening” sample (collected 14:00–20:00). We used a linear mixed model to evaluate the effects of AS and AP intake in each of 8 hours preceding collection of the breath sample (t1 = 0–1 hour prior, t2 = 1–2 hours prior, etc.). Besides daily intake, models also included 15-d mean AS and AP intake, as well as sex, age and BMI. Coefficients are presented as (β (SE), P).
Results
Mean (±SD) intakes of AS and AP in our study were 67 ± 34 and 73 ± 30 g/d, respectively. The breath CIR was increased by AS consumed 1–4 hours prior to sample collection (βt2 = 0.014 (0.005), P = 0.0025; βt3 = 0.0094 (0.004), P = 0.02; βt4 = 0.012 (0.005), P = 0.02) and AP consumed 3–6 hours prior to sample collection (βt4 = 0.012 (0.005), P = 0.03; βt5 = 0.0092 (0.004), P = 0.03; βt6 = 0.010 (0.006), P = 0.09). In addition, the breath CIR increased with higher 15-d intakes of both AS and AP (βAS = 0.012 (0.003), P < 0.0001 and βAP = 0.014 (0.004), P = 0.0003, respectively).
Conclusions
Both short-term and longer-term intakes of AS and AP increased the breath CIR. Short-term AS intake had a more rapid effect on the breath CIR than short-term AP intake, although effects were of similar size. Furthermore, the size of short-term effects were similar to the size of long-term effects. Thus, breath CIR is influenced by both short and long-term intakes of AS and AP and could have potential for evaluating dietary patterns.
Funding Sources
This work was funded by NIH U01 CA197902.
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O'Brien D, Tasevska N, Sagi-Kiss V, Palma-Duran SA, Barrett B, Johnston C, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Freedman L. Evaluating the Serum Carbon Isotope Ratio as a Biomarker for Animal Protein Ratio in a Controlled Feeding Study of US Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab053_061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Recent studies have identified the serum natural abundance carbon isotope ratio (CIR) as a candidate biomarker of animal protein intake in postmenopausal women. Such a biomarker would help clarify the contribution of dietary protein source (animal vs. vegetable) to chronic disease risk. Here we evaluate biomarker performance and develop a biomarker calibration equation in a mixed-age and – gender cohort.
Methods
We conducted a 15-d feeding study of 100 adults (age 18–70, 55% women) in Phoenix, AZ. Participants were provided individualized diets that approximated habitual food intakes. Total CIR and nitrogen isotope ratio (NIR) were measured in sera collected at the end of the feeding period. We expressed animal protein as a ratio of total protein intake (APratio). We evaluated a model of serum CIR based on APratio, the serum NIR, gender, age and body weight, and the resulting regression equation was inverted to develop an equation for the APratio that we call the calibrated biomarker. We evaluated the association of the calibrated biomarker with actual APratio using Pearson correlation and 5-fold cross validation.
Results
Animal protein intake in this study was 73 ± 30 g/d (mean ± SD) and the APratio was 0.63 ± 0.13. Our model explained a large proportion of the variation in serum CIR (R2 = 0.77) and APratio was the only significant model effect (coefficient = 6.22, SE = 0.44, P < 0.0001). Inverting that model generated the following biomarker calibration equation: APratio = (CIR – 26.35 – 0.06 (gender) + 0.068 * In age – 0.215 * In body weight – 0.204 * serum NIR)/6.22, where gender = 1,0 (male, female). There was a strong correlation between model-predicted and actual APratio (rP = 0.85, P < 0.0001), with the mean model-predicted APratio differing from mean actual APratio by 0.0015 (SE = 0.0077). The standard deviation of the prediction error was 0.076. The 5-fold cross validation procedure produced very similar model R2, effects, and prediction errors.
Conclusions
These data suggest that the serum CIR has potential as a predictive biomarker of APratio, providing a useful tool for objectively assessing dietary protein intake patterns. Such a tool could help resolve the contribution of dietary patterns favoring animal protein intake to chronic disease risk.
Funding Sources
This work was funded by NIH U01 CA197902.
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11
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Perin G, Fletcher T, Sagi-Kiss V, Gaboriau DCA, Carey MR, Bundy JG, Jones PR. Calm on the surface, dynamic on the inside. Molecular homeostasis of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 nitrogen metabolism. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:1885-1907. [PMID: 33608943 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen sources are all converted into ammonium/ia as a first step of assimilation. It is reasonable to expect that molecular components involved in the transport of ammonium/ia across biological membranes connect with the regulation of both nitrogen and central metabolism. We applied both genetic (i.e., Δamt mutation) and environmental treatments to a target biological system, the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120. The aim was to both perturb nitrogen metabolism and induce multiple inner nitrogen states, respectively, followed by targeted quantification of key proteins, metabolites and enzyme activities. The absence of AMT transporters triggered a substantial whole-system response, affecting enzyme activities and quantity of proteins and metabolites, spanning nitrogen and carbon metabolisms. Moreover, the Δamt strain displayed a molecular fingerprint indicating nitrogen deficiency even under nitrogen replete conditions. Contrasting with such dynamic adaptations was the striking near-complete lack of an externally measurable altered phenotype. We conclude that this species evolved a highly robust and adaptable molecular network to maintain homeostasis, resulting in substantial internal but minimal external perturbations. This analysis provides evidence for a potential role of AMT transporters in the regulatory/signalling network of nitrogen metabolism and the existence of a novel fourth regulatory mechanism controlling glutamine synthetase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Perin
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tyler Fletcher
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David C A Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mathew R Carey
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacob G Bundy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrik R Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Mohan C, Ainsworth B, Duran SP, Sagi-Kiss V, Johnston C, Tasevska N. Effects of Physical Activity on the Performance of 24-h Urinary Sucrose and Fructose as a Biomarker of Total Sugars Intake (P18-128-19). Curr Dev Nutr 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz039.p18-128-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Urinary sucrose and fructose has been suggested as a predictive biomarker of total sugars intake based on research involving UK adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between sugars consumption and 24-hour urinary sucrose and fructose (24uSF) in US adult population and to investigate the effect of physical activity on this association.
Methods
Fifty seven free-living healthy subjects 20 to 68 years old, participated in a 15-day highly controlled feeding study, consuming their habitual diet, provided by the research metabolic kitchen. Dietary sugars were estimated using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR). Subjects collected eight 24-hour urine samples measured for urinary sucrose and fructose. Physical activity was assessed daily using a validated 15-day log that inquired about 38 physical activities across six domains; home activities, transportation, occupation, conditioning, sports and leisure.
Results
The 15-d mean total sugars and added sugars intake (SD) of the study population was 112.2 (33.1) g/day and 65.8 (29.0) g/day (9.7%EI), respectively. Significant moderate positive correlation was found between 15-d mean total sugars intake and 8-day mean 24uSF (r = 0.56, P < 0.001). Similarly, added sugars were moderately correlated with 24uSF (r = 0.56, P < 0.001), while no correlation was found between naturally-occurring sugars and 24uSF (r = 0.070, P < 0.001). In a linear multiple regression, total and added sugars each explained 30% of variability in 24uSF (Adjusted R2, p value; total sugars: 0.297, 0.001; added sugars: 0.301, P < 0.001). We found no effect of physical activity on the association between dietary and urinary sugars in neither the correlation nor the linear regression analysis.
Conclusions
24uSF showed moderate association with both total and added sugars consumption in US adults. No evidence was found showing that physical activity levels affect the association between 24uSF and sugars intake in US adults.
Funding Sources
National Cancer Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Mohan
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University
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13
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Campbell R, Tasevska N, Jackson KG, Sagi-Kiss V, di Paolo N, Mindell JS, Lister SJ, Khaw KT, Kuhnle GGC. Association between urinary biomarkers of total sugars intake and measures of obesity in a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179508. [PMID: 28723954 PMCID: PMC5517003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important modifiable risk factor for chronic diseases. While there is increasing focus on the role of dietary sugars, there remains a paucity of data establishing the association between sugar intake and obesity in the general public. The objective of this study was to investigate associations of estimated sugar intake with odds for obesity in a representative sample of English adults. We used data from 434 participants of the 2005 Health Survey of England. Biomarkers for total sugar intake were measured in 24 h urine samples and used to estimate intake. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations between biomarker-based estimated intake and measures of obesity (body mass intake (BMI), waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio) and obesity risk, respectively. Estimated sugar intake was significantly associated with BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio; these associations remained significant after adjustment for estimated protein intake as a marker of non-sugar energy intake. Estimated sugar intake was also associated with increased odds for obesity based on BMI (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.00–1.04 per 10g), waist-circumference (1.03; 1.01–1.05) and waist-to-hip ratio (1.04; 1.02–1.06); all OR estimates remained significant after adjusting for estimated protein intake. Our results strongly support positive associations between total sugar intake, measures of obesity and likelihood of being obese. It is the first time that such an association has been shown in a nationally-representative sample of the general population using a validated biomarker. This biomarker could be used to monitor the efficacy of public health interventions to reduce sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Campbell
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Tasevska
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kim G. Jackson
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer S. Mindell
- Research Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J. Lister
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gunter G. C. Kuhnle
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Velmurugan S, Gan JM, Rathod KS, Khambata RS, Ghosh SM, Hartley A, Van Eijl S, Sagi-Kiss V, Chowdhury TA, Curtis M, Kuhnle GGC, Wade WG, Ahluwalia A. Dietary nitrate improves vascular function in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:25-38. [PMID: 26607938 PMCID: PMC4691670 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.116244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial cardiovascular effects of vegetables may be underpinned by their high inorganic nitrate content. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the effects of a 6-wk once-daily intake of dietary nitrate (nitrate-rich beetroot juice) compared with placebo intake (nitrate-depleted beetroot juice) on vascular and platelet function in untreated hypercholesterolemics. DESIGN A total of 69 subjects were recruited in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. The primary endpoint was the change in vascular function determined with the use of ultrasound flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups, with primary outcome data available for 67 patients. Dietary nitrate resulted in an absolute increase in the FMD response of 1.1% (an ∼24% improvement from baseline) with a worsening of 0.3% in the placebo group (P < 0.001). A small improvement in the aortic pulse wave velocity (i.e., a decrease of 0.22 m/s; 95% CI: -0.4, -0.3 m/s) was evident in the nitrate group, showing a trend (P = 0.06) to improvement in comparison with the placebo group. Dietary nitrate also caused a small but significant reduction (7.6%) in platelet-monocyte aggregates compared with an increase of 10.1% in the placebo group (P = 0.004), with statistically significant reductions in stimulated (ex vivo) P-selectin expression compared with the placebo group (P < 0.05) but no significant changes in unstimulated expression. No adverse effects of dietary nitrate were detected. The composition of the salivary microbiome was altered after the nitrate treatment but not after the placebo treatment (P < 0.01). The proportions of 78 bacterial taxa were different after the nitrate treatment; of those taxa present, 2 taxa were responsible for >1% of this change, with the proportions of Rothia mucilaginosa trending to increase and Neisseria flavescens (P < 0.01) increased after nitrate treatment relative to after placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS Sustained dietary nitrate ingestion improves vascular function in hypercholesterolemic patients. These changes are associated with alterations in the oral microbiome and, in particular, nitrate-reducing genera. Our findings provide additional support for the assessment of the potential of dietary nitrate as a preventative strategy against atherogenesis in larger cohorts. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01493752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Velmurugan
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Jasmine Ming Gan
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Krishnaraj S Rathod
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Rayomand S Khambata
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Suborno M Ghosh
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Amy Hartley
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Sven Van Eijl
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tahseen A Chowdhury
- Barts National Health Service Trust, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gunter G C Kuhnle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; and
| | - William G Wade
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit,
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