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Abdelgied M, El-Gazzar A, Alexander D, Alexander W, Numano T, Iigo M, Naiki A, Abdelhamid M, Takase H, Hirose A, Taquahashi Y, Kanno J, Takahashi S, Tsuda H. Potassium octatitanate fibers are possibly carcinogenic in male Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ramakrishna R, Rehman A, Ramakrishna S, Alexander W, Yeo WW. Use of romiplostim in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during perioperative period. Intern Med J 2015; 45:718-24. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ramakrishna
- Southern Haematology and Cancer Research Institute; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - A. Rehman
- Graduate School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - S. Ramakrishna
- Southern Haematology and Cancer Research Institute; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - W. Alexander
- Southern Haematology and Cancer Research Institute; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - W. W. Yeo
- Graduate School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
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Malkoc G, Alexander W, Webster MA. Color and adaptation in perceptual grouping. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/1.3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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McLaren M, Bancroft A, Alexander W, Belch JJF. Short Communication: Platelet Aggregation in Whole Blood: Comparison Between Clay Adams Ultra-FLO 100 and Coulter Haematology Analyser T-540. Platelets 2009; 1:95-6. [DOI: 10.3109/09537109009005470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Moore B, Alexander W, Kelly RE, Roaf HE. A Study of the Pathological Variations in the Acidity of the Gastric Contents, especially in relationship to Malignant Disease. Biochem J 2006; 1:274-96. [PMID: 16742029 PMCID: PMC1276143 DOI: 10.1042/bj0010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Moore
- The Bio-Chemical Laboratory, University of Liverpool
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Boardman R, Trofe J, Alloway R, Rogers C, Roy-Chaudhury P, Cardi M, Safdar S, Groene B, Buell J, Hanaway M, Thomas M, Alexander W, Munda R, Woodle ES. Early steroid withdrawal does not increase risk for recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:817-8. [PMID: 15848542 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Experience with early corticosteroid withdrawal (CSWD) in renal transplant recipients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) has not been previously reported. Since corticosteroids are used to treat primary FSGS, concern exists as to whether early CSWD regimens will be associated with an increased risk of FSGS recurrence posttransplant. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the results of early CSWD in FSGS recipients and compare these results to a historic control group of FSGS patients who underwent renal transplantation under corticosteroid-based immunosuppression. METHODS Forty-three patients with FSGS underwent renal transplantation with early CSWD. Results in these patients were compared to FSGS patients that underwent renal transplantation with chronic corticosteroid therapy. All rejection episodes were biopsy proven with grading by Banff criteria. Statistical analyses included Student's t test and chi square tests. RESULTS Results in 43 patients with a median follow-up of 569 days were analyzed and compared to control patients. There was no significant difference in recurrent FSGS, time to recurrence, or graft loss. CONCLUSION CSWD does not increase risk for recurrence of FSGS. These observations indicate that ECSW can be achieved in FSGS patients, thereby affording them the benefits of steroid elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boardman
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45249, USA
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Hooper L, Griffiths E, Abrahams B, Alexander W, Atkins S, Atkinson G, Bamford R, Chinuck R, Farrington J, Gardner E, Greene P, Gunner C, Hamer C, Helby B, Hetherington S, Howson R, Laidlaw J, Li M, Lynas J, McVicar C, Mead A, Moody B, Paterson K, Neal S, Rigby P, Ross F, Shaw H, Stone D, Taylor F, Van Rensburgh L, Vine R, Whitehead J, Wray L. Dietetic guidelines: diet in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (first update, June 2003). J Hum Nutr Diet 2004; 17:337-49. [PMID: 15250843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2004.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To update dietetic guidelines summarizing the systematic review evidence on dietary advice to prevent further events in people with existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) (secondary prevention). METHODS The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE were comprehensively searched to November 2002 for systematic reviews on aspects of diet and heart health. Reviews were included if they searched systematically for randomised controlled trials relating to diet and secondary prevention of CVD. Two members of the UK Heart Health and Thoracic Dietitians Group critically appraised each review. The quality and results of each review were discussed and summarized in a meeting of the whole group. RESULTS Providing evidence-based dietary information (including increasing omega-3 fat intake) to all people who have had a myocardial infarction will save more lives than concentrating dietary advice on just those in need of weight loss or lipid lowering. The practice of prioritizing dietetic time in secondary prevention to those with raised lipids is out of date since the advent of statin therapy. However, effective dietary advice for those with angina, stroke, peripheral vascular disease or heart failure is less clear. CONCLUSION There is good systematic review evidence that dietary advice to those with coronary heart disease can reduce mortality and morbidity as well as modify some risk factors. Dietary advice that does this most effectively should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hooper
- MANDEC, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Robb L, Rakar S, Alexander W. 015.Disrupted decidualisation in SOCS3 gene mutant mice. Reprod Fertil Dev 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/srb04abs015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines comprise a large family of secreted glycoproteins that regulate many fundamental biological processes. Cytokine signals are relayed to target cells via binding to cell surface receptors. The receptors signal via members of the Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transduction and activators of transcription family (STATs). The SOCS proteins negatively regulate cytokine signalling by inhibiting components of the JAK/STAT pathway. Genetically modified mice in which individual SOCS genes are ablated have revealed key biological roles for these proteins. SOCS3 null mice die at mid gestation due to placental insufficiency. By embryonic Day (E) 9.5 there is a marked decrease in the spongiotrophoblast layer and an increase in trophoblast giant cells in SOCS3 null placentae. With increasing gestational age, there is progressive disorganisation of the SOCS3 null placental labyrinth. Takahashi et al. (1) used tetraploid aggregation to demonstrate that the placental defect was attributable to intrinsic defects in the SOCS3-deficient trophoblast cells or yolk sac endoderm. Based on evidence from in vitro assays, SOCS3 has a role in downstream negative regulation of signalling via a large number of cytokines. To identify the cytokine responsible for the placental phenotype, we crossed SOCS3 null embryos with mice lacking leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). This rescued the placental phenotype of the SOCS3 null mice, thereby demonstrating that alterations in LIF signalling are responsible for profound abnormalities of the murine placenta.
(1) Takahashi et al. (2003) EMBO J. 22, 372–384.
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Holmes HN, Corbet RE, Geiger WB, Kornblum N, Alexander W. The Isolation and Identification of Batyl Alcohol and Cholesterol from Yellow Bone Marrow1. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01855a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xu L, Tang WH, Huang CC, Alexander W, Xiang LM, Pirollo KF, Rait A, Chang EH. Systemic p53 gene therapy of cancer with immunolipoplexes targeted by anti-transferrin receptor scFv. Mol Med 2001; 7:723-34. [PMID: 11713371 PMCID: PMC1949994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A long-standing goal in genetic therapy for cancer is a systemic gene delivery system that selectively targets tumor cells, including metastases. Here we describe a novel cationic immunolipoplex system that shows high in vivo gene transfer efficiency and anti- tumor efficacy when used for systemic p53 gene therapy of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cationic immunolipoplex incorporating a biosynthetically lipid-tagged, anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody (TfRscFv), was designed to target tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. A human breast cancer metastasis model was employed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of systemically administered, TfRscFv-immunolipoplex-mediated, p53 gene therapy in combination with docetaxel. RESULTS The TfRscFv-targeting cationic immunolipoplex had a size of 60-100 nm, showed enhanced tumor cell binding, and improved targeted gene delivery and transfection efficiencies, both in vitro and in vivo. The p53 tumor suppressor gene was not only systemically delivered by the immunolipoplex to human tumor xenografts in nude mice but also functionally expressed. In the nude mouse breast cancer metastasis model, the combination of the p53 gene delivered by the systemic administration of the TfRscFv-immunolipoplex and docetaxel resulted in significantly improved efficacy with prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report using scFv-targeting immunolipoplexes for systemic gene therapy. The TfRscFv has a number of advantages over the transferrin (Tf) molecule itself: (1) scFv has a much smaller size than Tf producing a smaller immunolipoplex giving better penetration into solid tumors; (2) unlike Tf, the scFv is a recombinant protein, not a blood product; (3) large scale production and strict quality control of the recombinant scFv, as well as scFv-immunolipoplex, are feasible. The sensitization of tumors to chemotherapy by this tumor-targeted and efficient p53 gene delivery method could lower the effective dose of the drug, correspondingly lessening the severe side effects, while decreasing the possibility of recurrence. Moreover, this approach is applicable to both primary and recurrent tumors, and more significantly, metastatic disease. The TfRscFv-targeting of cationic immunolipoplexes is a promising method of tumor targeted gene delivery that can be used for systemic gene therapy of cancer with the potential to critically impact the clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 2007, USA
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Nicola NA, Nicholson SE, Metcalf D, Zhang JG, Baca M, Farley A, Willson TA, Starr R, Alexander W, Hilton DJ. Negative regulation of cytokine signaling by the SOCS proteins. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2001; 64:397-404. [PMID: 11232314 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N A Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Cooperative Research Centre for Cellular Growth Factors, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Formisano JA, Still K, Alexander W, Lippmann M. Application of statistical models for secondary data usage of the US Navy's Occupational Exposure Database (NOED). Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2001; 16:201-9. [PMID: 11217712 DOI: 10.1080/104732201460343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many organizations around the world have collected data related to individual worker exposures that are used to determine compliance with workplace standards. These data are often warehoused and thereafter rarely used as an information resource. Using appropriate groupings and analysis of OSHA data, Gómez showed that such stored data can provide additional insight on factors affecting occupational exposures. Using data from the Occupational Exposure Database of the United States Navy, the usefulness of statistical models for defining probabilities of exposure above permissible limits for observed work conditions is examined. Analyses have highlighted worker Similar Exposure Groups (SEGs) with potential for overexposure to asbestos and lead. In terms of grouping data, Rappaport et al. defined the Within-Between Lognormal Model, a scale-independent measure for quantifying between-worker variability within a selected worker group: (B)R.95 = exp[3.92s(sB)], representing the ratio of arithmetic mean exposures received by workers in the 97.5th and 2.5th percentiles. To help search for groups, the Proportional Odds Model, a generalization of the logistic model to ordinal data, can predict probabilities for group exposure above the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL), or the Action Level (AL), which is one-half of the OEL. Worker SEGs have been identified for asbestos workers removing friable asbestos ((B)R.95 = 11.0) and nonfriable asbestos ((B)R.95 = 6.5); metal cleaning workers sandingspecialized equipment ((B)R.95 = 11.3), and workers at target shooting ranges cleaning up lead debris ((B)R.95 = 10). Estimated probabilities for the categories <AL, AL-OEL, and >OEL support current understanding of work processes examined. Differences in probability noted between tasks and levels of ventilation validate this method for evaluating other available workplace exposure determinants, and for predicting probability of membership in categories that may help further define worker exposure groups, and determinants of excessive exposures. Thus, analyses of retrospective exposure data can help identify work site and work practice factors for efficient targeting of remediation resources.
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Smith PA, Bowerbank CR, Lee ML, Williams K, Alexander W, Still KR. Rapid separation of nitroaromatic compounds by solvating gas chromatography. Drug Chem Toxicol 2000; 23:155-60. [PMID: 10711395 DOI: 10.1081/dct-100100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene are used in the production of explosive and munitions, and are environmental contaminants as a result of such use. Conventional methods to detect these compounds have relied on liquid and gas chromatography to isolate the individual compounds which may be present at low levels in complex environmental matrices before final detection and identification. A new method, solvating gas chromatography, was used to rapidly separate 8 nitroaromatic compounds, showing improved speed relative to conventional liquid and gas chromatography methods. Solvating gas chromatography allows near real-time detection for these energetic compounds, providing improvements in their detection as environmental contaminants, and as compounds of interest to law enforcement and military organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Smith
- Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Smith PA, Bowerbank CR, Lee ML, Solberg M, Drown DB, Alexander W, Still KR. Airborne aldehydes from heating rosin core solder and liquid rosin flux to soldering temperatures. AIHAJ 2000; 61:95-101. [PMID: 10772621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase aldehydes produced from heating rosin core solder and liquid rosin flux to temperatures commonly used in soldering were trapped on sampling tubes containing XAD-2 resin coated with the derivatizing agent 2-hydroxymethylpiperidine. Analysis of the resulting oxazolidine derivatives was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The observed aldehyde derivatives included formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, isobutyraldehyde, butyraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, furfural, hexanal, cyclohexane carboxaldehyde and other unidentified compounds likely to be aldehyde isomers. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde were detected in blank samples. By comparison with an internal standard, a sample produced by drawing air with contaminants derived by heating rosin core solder through a sampling tube contained levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde much greater than seen in sampling tube blanks. Benzaldehyde was not shown to be present at a significantly greater level in samples from heating rosin core solder than in blanks prepared using the same analysis protocol. The use of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 2539 extraction procedures produced blanks with levels of formaldehyde significantly lower than with a modified extraction method (methylene chloride, no sonication). The modified extraction method produced significantly lower benzaldehyde levels in blanks compared with the NIOSH extraction method using toluene and sonication of sampling sorbent tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Smith
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ofman JJ, Etchason J, Alexander W, Stevens BR, Herrin J, Cangialose C, Ballard DJ, Bratzler D, Elward KS, FitzGerald D, Culpepper-Morgan J, Marshall B. The quality of care for Medicare patients with peptic ulcer disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:106-13. [PMID: 10638567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine quality of care for hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries with peptic ulcer disease. METHODS Collaborating with five Peer Review Organizations, we used 1995 Medicare claim files to select samples of inpatients with a principal diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease. Quality of care indicators developed by content experts included percentages for ulcer patients tested for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori); biopsied patients who received tissue tests; H. pylori-positive patients who received appropriate therapy; and ulcer patients screened for preadmission nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and counseled about risks. RESULTS Of 2,644 patients eligible for medical record review, 56% were tested for H. pylori, and 73% of those testing positive were treated appropriately; 84% of patients with endoscopic biopsies received a tissue test for H. pylori; 74% of patients were screened for preadmission NSAID use, 24% had documented counseling of NSAID use, and only 2% had documented counseling on the ulcer risk of NSAID use. Statistically significant regional variation occurred in four of six quality indicators. Outpatient records were reviewed for 529 patients to document prior outpatient H. pylori in this population; only 2% (n = 12) were tested for H. pylori in the year before admission. CONCLUSIONS Opportunities exist to improve quality of care by testing for and treating H. pylori in hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries with peptic ulcer disease and to improve screening for NSAIDs and counseling on ulcer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ofman
- Cedars-Sinai Department of Medicine and Health Services Research, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Sauaia A, Alexander W, Moore EE, Stevens BR, Rosen H, Dunn TR. Autologous blood transfusion does not reduce postoperative infection rates in elective surgery. Am J Surg 1999; 178:549-55. [PMID: 10670870 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(99)00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of blood transfusions in the risk of postoperative infection remains controversial. We examined the association between autologous (AB) and homologous (HB) blood transfusions with postoperative infection in elective surgery. METHODS The medical records of 991 Medicare patients aged > or =65 years submitted to hysterectomy and hip and knee replacement were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was used to control for age, comorbidity, year, and type of procedure. RESULTS Overall, 451 (46%) patients required transfusions. AB was given to 324 (72%), HB to 94 (21%); 33 (7%) patients received both. Forty-two patients (4%) developed postoperative infections. The infection rate was not different among patients receiving HB (7%), AB (5%), AB+HB (0), and nontransfused patients (4%); P = 0.18). After adjustment for confounders, HB and AB remained not associated with infections. CONCLUSION In elective surgery with small volume transfusion, neither AB nor HB transfusions were associated with an increased risk of postoperative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sauaia
- Colorado Foundation for Medical Care, Aurora 80014, USA
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Smith PA, Bowerbank CR, Savage PB, Drown DB, Lee ML, Alexander W, Jederberg WW, Still K. Conjugation of 7-oxodehydroabietic acid to lysine, a haptenation mechanism for an oxidized resin acid with dermal sensitizing properties. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 1999; 14:171-6. [PMID: 10453631 DOI: 10.1080/104732299303133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This article explores protein conjugation of 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, a resin acid found in both aerosol from soldering with rosin flux and in rosin solids. In a murine model, conjugation (haptenation) of resin acids to proteins is required to generate antibodies against rosin. Hydroperoxy resin acids are dermal sensitizers, with haptenation thought to occur via radical mechanisms. Dermal sensitization to 7-oxodehydroabietic acid has been observed, although no radical haptenation mechanism has been proposed to explain the sensitizing properties of this compound. Conjugation of L-lysine to 7-oxodehydroabietic acid was predicted, with a Schiff base (or imine) linkage formed between C-7 of the resin acid and a free amino group of lysine. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry provided evidence of the conjugate; a small peak was seen for the conjugate (M+H)+ ion in aqueous ethanol with 20 mM concentrations of the free resin and amino acids. A larger conjugate peak was observed with addition of tertiary amine as a mild basic catalyst, and the intensity of the conjugate peak exceeded that of the precursors upon replacement of the ethanol with benzene. Resin acids accumulate in the plasma membrane, a non-aqueous environment apparently conducive to conjugation of 7-oxodehydroabietic acid with lysine side chains of membrane proteins. The result would be dehydroabietic acid covalently bound to protein, which could lead to interaction with immune cells having resin acid specificity. The haptenation mechanism presented may be involved in allergic contact dermatitis and occupational asthma observed from exposure to resin acid solids and aerosols. As sampling and analytical methods have been previously demonstrated for 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, this compound may be a useful exposure marker with relevance to negative health effects such as occupational asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Smith
- Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Bowerbank CR, Smith PA, Drown DB, Alexander W, Jederberg WW, Still KR, Lee ML. Chemical detection in deployment toxicology using high speed gas chromatography with a solvating mobile phase and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Drug Chem Toxicol 1999; 22:57-71. [PMID: 10189571 DOI: 10.3109/01480549909029724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Solvating gas chromatography (SGC) involves a mobile phase that is a supercritical fluid at the column inlet (typically 100-350 atm) and a gas upon exiting the column at ambient pressure. SGC has characteristics of both supercritical fluid chromatography and gas chromatography, and may be adaptable to a system with characteristics approaching a "universal chromatograph" capable of analyzing many classes of compounds on one instrument. We have recently found that using a solvating mobile phase such as CO2, together with small, spherical particle-packed capillary columns can offer significant advantages for rapid chemical analysis. A need exists in operational military settings to rapidly detect a wide range of chemicals with potential adverse health effects for exposed personnel. A separation step improves analytical capability by reducing or eliminating chemical background for better detection limits, and purifies or isolates target analytes and unknowns for improved identification. SGC, coupled to a high volume vapor/aerosol sampler and a rapid mass spectrometric detector such as a time-of-flight mass spectrometer could provide rapid, positive identification of separated compounds, with the resulting chromatographic and mass spectral data stored in digital format for future retrieval. Such a system will significantly advance the ability of military commanders to detect airborne chemical agents rapidly and accurately, protecting the health of military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Bowerbank
- Brigham Young University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
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Alexander W. MCO-PBM (managed care organization-prescription benefit management) partnerships holding down drug trend. Exec Solut Healthc Manag 1998; 1:1, 4-6. [PMID: 10338773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Rezapkin GV, Alexander W, Dragunsky E, Parker M, Pomeroy K, Asher DM, Chumakov KM. Genetic stability of Sabin 1 strain of poliovirus: implications for quality control of oral poliovirus vaccine. Virology 1998; 245:183-7. [PMID: 9636357 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus, like all RNA viruses, exist as a quasispecies of genomic sequences whose composition can be altered during virus propagation. Since changes in vaccine virus during manufacture can enhance the neurovirulent potential of the vaccine, each monovalent lot of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) undergoes several tests to ensure consistency of manufacture, including the monkey neurovirulence test (MNVT). Recently, we proposed a new molecular approach for direct quantification of vaccine variants with neurovirulent potential as an alternative way to monitor consistency of OPV production. Analysis of the Sabin 1 genome allowed us to identify a limited number of specific loci that exhibit significant change during viral propagation in vitro and in vivo. Here we explore the possible roles of these changes and show that 7427-U-->C and 7441-G-->A alterations in the 3'-UTR of the Sabin 1 virus do not increase monkey neurovirulence. These, as well as our previous results, suggest that only mutations in the 5'-UTR play a significant role in the limited increase in Sabin 1 monkey neurovirulence observed after extended propagation of the virus beyond the passage level used in vaccine production. Our studies with high-passage batches of the Sabin 1 strain confirmed the stability of this strain, which retains acceptable levels of monkey neurovirulence even after serial passages at elevated temperature. Compared to the MNVT, molecular analysis of the genetic composition of Sabin 1 poliovirus provides a more sensitive analytical approach to monitor consistency of vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Rezapkin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Metcalf D, Mifsud S, Di Rago L, Robb L, Nicola NA, Alexander W. The biological consequences of excess GM-CSF levels in transgenic mice also lacking high-affinity receptors for GM-CSF. Leukemia 1998; 12:353-62. [PMID: 9529130 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2400926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GM-CSF transgenic mice were crossed with mice with homozygous inactivation of the gene encoding the common beta chain (beta c) of the GM-CSF receptor to produce mice with constitutively elevated GM-CSF levels but no high-affinity GM-CSF receptors. GM-CSF transgenic beta c -/- mice had exceptionally elevated serum GM-CSF levels but failed to develop the abnormal peritoneal cell population, eye destruction or tissue lesions characteristic of GM-CSF transgenic beta c +/+ mice. The alveolar proteinosis of beta c -/- mice was not altered in GM-CSF transgenic beta c -/- mice. Levels of GM-CSF mRNA in transgenic GM-CSF beta c -/- were elevated but lower than in transgenic beta +/+ mice and the higher serum GM-CSF levels were traced in part to the longer serum half-life of GM-CSF in beta c -/- than in beta c +/+ mice although urinary loss of GM-CSF was higher in beta c -/- than in +/+ mice. The data indicate that the transgenic phenotype was due to stimulation by GM-CSF and not an insertional effect, that low-affinity receptors are not capable of initiating tissue pathology even in the presence of excess GM-CSF levels and that autocrine production of GM-CSF by GM-CSF-responsive cells also fails to induce changes in these cells. The results support current dogma that the action of polypeptide regulators is mediated exclusively by activation of high-affinity membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Metcalf
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Novak U, Nicholson S, Bourette RP, Rohrschneider LR, Alexander W, Paradiso L. CSF-1 and interferon-gamma act synergistically to promote differentiation of FDC-P1 cells into macrophages. Growth Factors 1998; 15:159-71. [PMID: 9570038 DOI: 10.3109/08977199809002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
FDC-P1 cells expressing the wildtype CSF-1 receptor, FDwtfms, differentiate into macrophages during incubation with CSF-1. This response is amplified in the presence of interferon-gamma. Cells expressing the 807F mutant receptor, 807F cells, proliferate in response to CSF-1 and do not differentiate. However, in response to CSF-1 and interferon-gamma they differentiate as well. CSF-1 causes the activation of STAT proteins in FDwtfms cells, but not in 807F cells. Cellular differentiation correlates with a sustained activation of STAT1 and STAT3 in response to interferon-gamma over at least 40 hours. However, interferon-gamma alone did not cause differentiation of cells expressing either receptor. Other defects in response to CSF-1 of the 807F cells, such as lack of PLC gamma 2 activation, were not complemented by co-incubation of the cells with CSF-1 and interferon-gamma. It appears that a combination of signaling pathways are activated by CSF-1 and interferon-gamma which caused the shift of response from proliferation to differentiation in the 807F cells and an enhanced differentiation in the FDwtfms cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Novak
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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29
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Alexander W. Spotting diabetic retinopathies. Practitioner 1997; 241:280-3. [PMID: 9218405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Alexander W, Bradley C, Brazier J, Campbell K, Chadwick J, Clements D, Hall G, Mackinnon M, McLeod C, Miles K, Roberts S, Ruffell A, White A, McCabe C. The report of the Clinical Care Group. Diabet Med 1996; 13:S90-100. [PMID: 8894460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Alexander
- Diabetes Department, Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup
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Alexander W, Bence K, Hirsch TS, Malone MP. How can information systems aid in the collection & analysis of patient satisfaction? Infocare 1996:30-2. [PMID: 10161564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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32
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Alexander W. Advances in interventional cardiology: higher risk patients demand greater vigilance. Todays Surg Nurse 1996; 18:11-5. [PMID: 8974766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Specialized devices, such as stents, are being used with or replacing balloon angioplasty. About 25% of the 900,000 global angioplasties performed in 1995 included stenting. By the millennium, stenting will have overtaken all other therapies, including bypass graft surgery.
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Epling CA, Rose CS, Martyny JW, Zhen B, Alexander W, Waldron JA, Kreiss K. Endemic work-related febrile respiratory illness among construction workers. Am J Ind Med 1995; 28:193-205. [PMID: 8585517 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700280205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Construction workers building Denver International Airport (DIA) reported work-related respiratory and flulike symptoms of several months duration. We performed a cross-sectional interview study of 495 randomly selected DIA workers from six contractors in comparison with preplacement workers. We defined cases as workers with two work-attributed lower respiratory symptoms and one work-attributed systemic symptom. Case rates were significantly higher among DIA workers (34%) compared with those who had never worked at DIA (2%). Risk factors for illness included exposure to fireproofing (OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.95-9.08), work in tunnels and adjoining areas (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.84-5.12), length of DIA employment (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46-0.92), and preexisting bronchitis (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.17-5.05). Our industrial hygiene investigation revealed alkaline dust (pH 11) present at a worksite associated with elevated risk of illness, and we identified airborne Penicillium mold widely distributed indoors at DIA. Clinical evaluation of 26 self-identified symptomatic DIA employees, including bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy in 10, revealed work-related asthma in three workers and histologic evidence of chronic bronchitis in four who had never smoked. We concluded that future investigations of endemic work-related febrile respiratory illness among construction workers should evaluate its association with indoor exposure to dusts from alkaline fireproofing, Penicillium mold, mycotoxins, and bacterial bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Epling
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Division, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Alexander W. Easing surgical and procedural pain in children. Todays OR Nurse 1995; 17:32-34. [PMID: 7570803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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35
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Alexander W. Disease state management: why not hypertension? Manag Care 1995; 4:35-7. [PMID: 10144408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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36
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de Gasparo M, Husain A, Alexander W, Catt KJ, Chiu AT, Drew M, Goodfriend T, Harding JW, Inagami T, Timmermans PB. Proposed update of angiotensin receptor nomenclature. Hypertension 1995; 25:924-7. [PMID: 7737728 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.25.5.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M de Gasparo
- Research Department, Ciba-Geigy Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Fowler KJ, Walker F, Alexander W, Hibbs ML, Nice EC, Bohmer RM, Mann GB, Thumwood C, Maglitto R, Danks JA. A mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor in waved-2 mice has a profound effect on receptor biochemistry that results in impaired lactation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:1465-9. [PMID: 7533293 PMCID: PMC42540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutant mouse waved-2 (wa-2) is strikingly similar to transforming growth factor alpha-deficient mice generated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. We confirm that wa-2 is a point mutation (T-->G resulting in a valine-->glycine substitution at residue 743) in the gene encoding the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. wa-2 fibroblastic cells lack high-affinity binding sites for EGF, and the rate of internalization of EGF is retarded. Although the tyrosine kinase activity of wa-2 EGF receptors is significantly impaired, NIH 3T3 cells lacking endogenous EGF receptors but overexpressing recombinant wa-2 EGF receptor cDNA are mitogenically responsive to EGF. While young and adult wa-2 mice are healthy and fertile, 35% of wa-2 mice born of homozygous wa-2 mothers die of malnutrition because of impaired maternal lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fowler
- Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Alexander W. Stents may replace some angioplasties. OR Manager 1994; 10:13-5. [PMID: 10139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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39
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Alexander W. Nursing challenge: early extubation after cardiac surgery. Todays OR Nurse 1994; 16:47-9. [PMID: 7597735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
A proposal is made to help the implementation of the British Diabetic Association dataset for diabetes care in those sites of care where information technology has yet to be established, or is in need of modification. A stepped approach is suggested and priorities identified.
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Alexander W. Managing impotence in diabetes. Wait to be asked before offering advice. BMJ 1993; 307:739. [PMID: 8401116 PMCID: PMC1678682 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6906.739-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Alexander W. Endoscopic safety: protecting OR personnel. OR Manager 1993; 9:12-3. [PMID: 10183879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Alexander W. AIDS, opportunistic infections, and drug therapy. Nurs Outlook 1993; 41:142. [PMID: 8102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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44
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Alexander W. Laparoscopic procedures: nursing guidelines. Todays OR Nurse 1993; 15:53-5. [PMID: 8322412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Daniell J, Fisher B, Alexander W. Laparoscopic evaluation of the argon beam coagulator. Initial report. J Reprod Med 1993; 38:121-5. [PMID: 8445602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and hemostatic properties of the argon beam coagulator (ABC) at laparoscopy. The study is composed of two parts: laparoscopic results in five anesthetized animals and a preliminary clinical trial in 35 volunteers undergoing laparoscopy. Animals were evaluated during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy training course. Private patients undergoing operative laparoscopy voluntarily consented to a hospital Investigational Review Board-approved protocol to evaluate the ABC. The pigs were 3-month-old, healthy females. The patients were healthy volunteers undergoing laparoscopy for pain, infertility or cholecystectomy. Both pigs and human volunteers underwent operative laparoscopic use of the ABC for hemostasis and selected tissue electrocoagulation using a prototype 10-mm laparoscopic probe. The safety of the ABC was evaluated in the pigs by continuously monitoring heart rate, oxygen saturation and end-tidal CO2. Patients had similar clinical monitoring during operative laparoscopy, with observation of tissue effects of the ABC for hemostasis and tissue electrocoagulation. Laparoscopic use of the ABC in animals and patients produced no observable anesthetic changes, with both pigs and patients recovering normally. The ABC allowed smokeless, hemostatic tissue electrocoagulation, with a rapid non-touching technique easy to apply laparoscopically. We conclude that the ABC can safely be used laparoscopically with excellent hemostasis and effective controlled tissue electrocoagulation. The lack of smoke and the non-touching technique for delivery allow rapid laparoscopic application. The prototype 10-mm delivery probe is cumbersome, and the argon gas flow rate of 4 L/min with firing requires constant venting of the peritoneum with close monitoring of intraperitoneal pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Alexander W. Special report: opportunistic infections and AIDS care. Todays OR Nurse 1993; 15:49-52. [PMID: 8096097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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48
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Alexander W. New developments in laser disc surgery. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992; 10:234-5. [PMID: 10147870 DOI: 10.1089/clm.1992.10.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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49
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Alexander W. Developments in endoscopic laser herniorrhaphy. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992; 10:239-42. [PMID: 10147871 DOI: 10.1089/clm.1992.10.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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Pazzaglia G, Wignall FS, Batchelor R, Alexander W, Vargas Alfaro L, Zavaleta A. [Outbreak of paratyphoid fever among Peruvian naval personnel]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1992; 112:395-405. [PMID: 1610504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in connection with an outbreak of paratyphoid fever at a Peruvian naval installation in Callao. The study sought to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, the source of infection, the attack rates, the persistence of bacilli excretion, and the clinical picture of the disease. The source of Salmonella paratyphi B infection had been a meal of chicken and rice served to around 400 members of the naval police. Over a period of three weeks, 21 persons were hospitalized and 52 received outpatient treatment at the naval hospital. In addition, through a questionnaire it was revealed that 86 unreported cases of diarrhea related to the outbreak had occurred. The most common clinical manifestations were fever, headache, weakness, anorexia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The general attack rate was 39.8%. In a follow-up survey carried out 37 days after exposure, fecal cultures indicated that 8.5% of the persons affected continued to excrete the microorganism. The high rates of attack and transmission of S. paratyphi B in this outbreak point up the considerable pathogenicity and virulence of some strains of the microorganism and their impact on public health. It is suggested that preventive measures be taken at naval and other similar installations, including the education of workers who handle and prepare food, in order to ensure proper hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pazzaglia
- US Naval Medical Research Institute Detachment (NAMRID Lima), Perú
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