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Ganesan P, Rogers AJ, Deb B, Feng R, Ruiperez-Campillo S, Tjong FV, Bhatia N, Clopton P, Rappel WJ, Narayan SM. Novel electrogram featurization reveals a spectrum of response to ablation from atrial tachycardia to types of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although atrial tachycardia (AT) may interconvert with fibrillation (AF) in many patients, it is undefined if this represents a pathophysiological spectrum of organization, or whether it indicates that AF will respond better to ablation.
Objective
To test the hypothesis that the spatial area within which electrograms (EGMs) repeat in synchronized fashion over time indicates a spectrum from AT, in which areas span the entire atria, to AF, in which areas are limited. We further hypothesized that repetitive areas would be larger in AF patients with acute termination than in those with poor response to ablation.
Methods
We studied N=234 patients (47% women, 64±10Y), of whom (i) N=10 had AT, (ii) N=120 had AF that terminated with ablation (“Term”), (ii) N=104 had AF that did not terminate (“Non-term”). All patients had global left atrial mapping by 64 pole baskets (Abbott, IL). Spatial areas of repetitive activity (REACT) were calculated by correlating unipolar EGMs in 2x2 grids for 4 sec, repeated for the entire atria (Figure 1A, B). We quantified global organization by averaging the REACT map for each patient.
Results
Figure 1C shows progressively decreasing areas of repetitive EGM from AT to AF Term to AF Non-term (p<0.001, ANOVA). Figure 1D shows a case of AT in a 71 YO male and global REACT >0.90, a case of AF REACT 0.45 in a 65 YO male with termination by ablation, and a case of AF with REACT 0.19 in an 85 YO male that did not terminate. Further, ROC analysis of REACT analysis in AF cases predicted termination with an AUC of 0.71.
Conclusion
Spatial areas of repeating electrogram shapes indicates a spectrum from AT to AF with good and AF with poor acute response to ablation. Future studies should investigate whether REACT areas can be identified non-invasively, such as by body surface ECG, to guide ablation or prognosis.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): US National Institutes of Health
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ganesan
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - A J Rogers
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - B Deb
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - R Feng
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | | | - F V Tjong
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - N Bhatia
- Emory University , Atlanta , United States of America
| | - P Clopton
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - W J Rappel
- University of California San Diego , San Diego , United States of America
| | - S M Narayan
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
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Ganesan P, Rogers AJ, Deb B, Feng R, Rodrigo M, Ruiperez-Campillo S, Tjong FV, Bhatia N, Clopton P, Rappel WJ, Narayan SM. Spatiotemporal signatures of response to atrial fibrillation ablation. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) can have organized regions, in the form of consistent dominant frequency sites, focal or reentrant sites, but it is unclear how these overlap with or differ from focal atrial tachycardias (AT) or potential drivers. We set out to develop an intuitive method based on fundamental electrogram shape and timing to separate types of AF.
Objective
To test the hypothesis that spatial regions of electrogram (EGM) in AF that show similar shapes over time based on cross-correlation analysis may separate patients with differing response to ablation.
Methods
We recruited N=133 patients (63.8±12.1 Y, 32% women), (i) N=10 had AT, (ii) N=122 AF that was or was not terminated by ablation, and (iii) N=1 pacing. All patients had left atrial mapping by 64 pole baskets. We applied repetitive activity (REACT) mapping that correlates EGMs in contiguous 2x2 regions (Fig. 1A) over 4sec. To calibrate REACT, we introduced simulated variations in shape (gaussian noise) and timing (gaussian delay) to pacing EGMs and computed nomograph over 100 random trials (Fig. 1C).
Results
Fig. 1B shows that REACT in a 71-year-old man with AT is more organized than in a 65 YO man with AF (100% vs 40% mapped field). Overall, REACT was higher in AT than AF (0.63±0.15 vs 0.36±0.22, p<0.001). There were 24 cases in which global REACT between AF and AT groups had the overlapping range of values, indicating organized “islands” in AF analogous to AT. From nomograph in Fig. 1C we identified that this overlap reflects 15 ms variation in cycle length and 20% variation in EGM shape (labelled “x” in Fig. 1C).
Conclusion
Basic electrogram properties in AF of similar shapes in spatial areas over time can separate response to ablation and may represent “islands” of AT. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms for such islands and whether they may be targeted for therapy.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): US National Institutes of Health
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ganesan
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - A J Rogers
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - B Deb
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - R Feng
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - M Rodrigo
- University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | | | - F V Tjong
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - N Bhatia
- Emory University , Atlanta , United States of America
| | - P Clopton
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
| | - W J Rappel
- University of California San Diego , San Diego , United States of America
| | - S M Narayan
- Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , United States of America
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Ganesan P, Bhatia N, Rogers AJ, Krummen D, Wang P, Clopton P, Rappel WJ, Narayan S. Extent of atrium with 1:1 electrogram activation predicts response to ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab116.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): US National Institutes of Health
Background
Mechanisms associated with successful termination of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) are still under debate. We sought to study the association between spatial extent of atrium with organized conduction and AF ablation success. We hypothesized that patients with large areas of atrium having 1:1 electrogram activation akin to ‘atrial tachycardia’ may have a higher likelihood of AF termination by ablation.
Methods
In n = 40 AF patients, n = 20 had termination by ablation ("Term"), and the remaining did not have AF termination by ablation ("Non-term"). Basket catheters (64 poles) were used to record unipolar electrograms (EGMs) in one or both atrium. Ablation targeted localized rotational/focal regions, after which pulmonary vein isolation was performed. Unipolar EGMs of 4sec duration at each 2x2 electrode neighborhood within 8x8 catheter grid were processed using a statistical correlation technique to identify the duration of 1:1 activations. Any EGM activation cycle that had a correlation above 80% was considered to be 1:1. Duration of contiguous 1:1 cycles was determined as percentage of total duration (4 sec).
Results
Spatial area of atrium (percentage of mapping field) and the corresponding 1:1 durations were assessed for patients in Term and Non-term groups. Fig A shows spatial 1:1 maps of a Term and a Non-term patient. Fig B shows examples of 1:1 and non-1:1 EGMs. Patients in Term group had higher average 1:1 atrial area than non-term group for any 1:1 duration (Fig C, 15 ± 22% vs 2 ± 4% with ≥70% 1:1 duration, p = 0.03). Positive and negative predictive values of duration≥70% for AF termination were 64.7%, and 75%, with specificity 60% and sensitivity 78.6%, exceeding clinical risk scores.
Conclusion
Persistent AF atrium shows areas of organized 1:1 conduction. Larger 1:1 atrial areas were identified in patients in whom AF terminated by ablation. Future studies should investigate mechanistic bases of organized conduction in AF. Abstract Figure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ganesan
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - N Bhatia
- Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - AJ Rogers
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - D Krummen
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - P Wang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - P Clopton
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
| | - WJ Rappel
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - S Narayan
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States of America
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Levine H, Rappel WJ, Cohen I. Self-organization in systems of self-propelled particles. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 63:017101. [PMID: 11304390 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.017101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2000] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a discrete model consisting of self-propelled particles that obey simple interaction rules. We show that this model can self-organize and exhibit coherent localized solutions in one- and in two-dimensions. In one-dimension, the self-organized solution is a localized flock of finite extent in which the density abruptly drops to zero at the edges. In two-dimensions, we focus on the vortex solution in which the particles rotate around a common center and show that this solution can be obtained from random initial conditions, even in the absence of a confining boundary. Furthermore, we develop a continuum version of our discrete model and demonstrate that the agreement between the discrete and the continuum model is excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Levine
- Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0319, USA
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Karma A, Rappel WJ. Phase-field model of dendritic sidebranching with thermal noise. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 60:3614-25. [PMID: 11970195 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigate dendritic sidebranching during crystal growth in an undercooled melt by simulation of a phase-field model which incorporates thermal noise of microscopic origin. As a nontrivial quantitative test of this model, we first show that the simulated fluctuation spectrum of a one-dimensional interface in thermal equilibrium agrees with the exact sharp-interface spectrum up to an irrelevant short-wavelength cutoff comparable to the interface thickness. Simulations of dendritic growth are then carried out in two dimensions to compute sidebranching characteristics (root-mean-square amplitude and sidebranch spacing) as a function of distance behind the tip. These quantities are compared quantitatively to the predictions of the existing linear WKB theory of noise amplification. The extension of this study to three dimensions remains needed to determine the origin of noise in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karma
- Department of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Complex Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kopczynski P, Rappel WJ, Karma A. Critical Role of Crystalline Anisotropy in the Stability of Cellular Array Structures in Directional Solidification. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:3387-3390. [PMID: 10062207 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Karma A, Rappel WJ. Phase-field method for computationally efficient modeling of solidification with arbitrary interface kinetics. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1996; 53:R3017-R3020. [PMID: 9964755 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.r3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Karma A, Rappel WJ. Comment on "Spatial subharmonics, irrational patterns, and disorder in eutectic growth". Phys Rev Lett 1995; 75:2444. [PMID: 10059305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Rappel WJ, Strogatz SH. Stochastic resonance in an autonomous system with a nonuniform limit cycle. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1994; 50:3249-3250. [PMID: 9962373 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Fourtune L, Rappel WJ, Rabaud M. Phase dynamics near a parity-breaking instability. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1994; 49:R3576-R3579. [PMID: 9961788 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.r3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rappel WJ. Dynamics of a globally coupled laser model. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1994; 49:2750-2755. [PMID: 9961539 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rappel WJ. Asymmetric cell in directional solidification. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1993; 48:4118-4120. [PMID: 9961076 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rappel WJ, Riecke H. Parity breaking in directional solidification: Numerics versus amplitude equations. Phys Rev A 1992; 45:846-859. [PMID: 9907052 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rappel WJ, Feiner LF, Schuurmans MF. Exciton-polariton picture of the free-exciton lifetime in GaAs. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 38:7874-7876. [PMID: 9945532 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.7874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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