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So LH, Jirakkakul J, Salaipeth L, Toopaang W, Amnuaykanjanasin A. TOR Signaling Tightly Regulated Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Entomopathogenicity in the Fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2129. [PMID: 37763973 PMCID: PMC10537155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana degenerates after repeated subcultures, demonstrating declined conidiation and insect virulence. The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase conserved among eukaryotes is the master regulator of cellular physiology and is likely involved in culture degeneration. Indeed, the levels of TOR-associated proteins increase over successive subcultures. Here, CRISPR/Cas9 locus engineering introduced the inducible Tet-On promoter upstream of the TOR kinase 2 gene tor2 in B. bassiana. The mutant PTet-Ontor2 'T41' was verified for the Tet-On integration via PCR analyses and provided a model for evaluating the fungal phenotypes according to the tor2 expression levels, induced by doxycycline (Dox) concentrations. At 0 µg·mL-1 of Dox, T41 had 68% of the wild type's (WT) tor2 expression level, hampered radial growth and relatively lower levels of oxidative stress tolerance, conidiation and virulence against Spodoptera exigua, compared to those under the presence of Dox. A low dose of Dox at 0.1-1 µg·mL-1 induced tor2 upregulation in T41 by up to 91% compared to 0 µg·mL-1 of Dox, resulting in significant increases in radial growth by 8-10% and conidiation by 8-27%. At 20 µg·mL-1 of Dox, which is 132% higher than T41's tor2 expression level at 0 µg·mL-1 of Dox, T41 showed an increased oxidative stress tolerance and a decrease in growth inhibition under iron replete by 62%, but its conidiation significantly dropped by 47% compared to 0 µg·mL-1 of Dox. T41 at 20 µg·mL-1 of Dox had a strikingly increased virulence (1.2 day lower LT50) against S. exigua. The results reflect the crucial roles of TOR kinase in the vegetative growth, conidiation, pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance in B. bassiana. Since TOR upregulation is correlated with culture degeneration in multiple subcultures, our data suggest that TOR signaling at relatively low levels plays an important role in growth and development, but at moderate to high levels could contribute to some degenerated phenotypes, e.g., those found in successive subcultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Hong So
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (W.T.)
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (J.J.); (L.S.)
| | - Jiraporn Jirakkakul
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (J.J.); (L.S.)
| | - Lakha Salaipeth
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (J.J.); (L.S.)
| | - Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (W.T.)
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (W.T.)
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Toopaang W, Panyawicha K, Srisuksam C, Hsu WC, Lin CC, Tanticharoen M, Yang YL, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Metabolomic Analysis Demonstrates the Impacts of Polyketide Synthases PKS14 and PKS15 on the Production of Beauvericins, Bassianolide, Enniatin A, and Ferricrocin in Entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030425. [PMID: 36984865 PMCID: PMC10057652 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a globally distributed entomopathogenic fungus that produces various secondary metabolites to support its pathogenesis in insects. Two polyketide synthase genes, pks14 and pks15, are highly conserved in entomopathogenic fungi and are important for insect virulence. However, understanding of their mechanisms in insect pathogenicity is still limited. Here, we overexpressed these two genes in B. bassiana and compared the metabolite profiles of pks14 and pks15 overexpression strains to those of their respective knockout strains in culture and in vivo using tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS). The pks14 and pks15 clusters exhibited crosstalk with biosynthetic clusters encoding insect-virulent metabolites, including beauvericins, bassianolide, enniatin A, and the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin under certain conditions. These secondary metabolites were upregulated in the pks14-overexpressing strain in culture and the pks15-overexpressing strain in vivo. These data suggest that pks14 and pks15, their proteins or their cluster components might be directly or indirectly associated with key pathways in insect pathogenesis of B. bassiana, particularly those related to secondary metabolism. Information about interactions between the polyketide clusters and other biosynthetic clusters improves scientific understanding about crosstalk among biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kullyanee Panyawicha
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wei-Chen Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.Y.); (A.A.)
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Toopaang W, Bunnak W, Srisuksam C, Wattananukit W, Tanticharoen M, Yang YL, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Microbial polyketides and their roles in insect virulence: from genomics to biological functions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2008-2029. [PMID: 35822627 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: May 1966 up to January 2022Entomopathogenic microorganisms have potential for biological control of insect pests. Their main secondary metabolites include polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) hybrids. Among these secondary metabolites, polyketides have mainly been studied for structural identification, pathway engineering, and for their contributions to medicine. However, little is known about the function of polyketides in insect virulence. This review focuses on the role of bacterial and fungal polyketides, as well as PK-NRP hybrids in insect infection and killing. We also discuss gene distribution and evolutional relationships among different microbial species. Further, the role of microbial polyketides and the hybrids in modulating insect-microbial symbiosis is also explored. Understanding the mechanisms of polyketides in insect pathogenesis, how compounds moderate the host-fungus interaction, and the distribution of PKS genes across different fungi and bacteria will facilitate the discovery and development of novel polyketide-derived bio-insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. .,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Warapon Bunnak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wilawan Wattananukit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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Srisuksam C, Punya J, Wattanachaisaereekul S, Toopaang W, Cheevadhanarak S, Tanticharoen M, Amnuaykanjanasin A. The reducing clade IIb polyketide synthase PKS14 acts as a virulence determinant of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5001423. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phayonyothin Rd., Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Juntira Punya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phayonyothin Rd., Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Songsak Wattanachaisaereekul
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phayonyothin Rd., Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Supapon Cheevadhanarak
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phayonyothin Rd., Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Toopaang W, Phonghanpot S, Punya J, Panyasiri C, Klamchao K, Wasuwan R, Srisuksam C, Sangsrakru D, Sonthirod C, Tangphatsornruang S, Tanticharoen M, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Targeted disruption of the polyketide synthase gene pks15 affects virulence against insects and phagocytic survival in the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:664-675. [PMID: 28705395 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reducing clade III polyketide synthase genes, including pks15, are highly conserved among entomopathogenic fungi. To examine the function of pks15, we used targeted disruption to investigate the impact of Beauveria bassiana pks15 on insect pathogenesis. Southern analysis verified that the Δpks15 mutant was disrupted by a single integration of the transformation cassette at the pks15 locus. The Δpks15 mutant had a slight reduction in radial growth, and it produced fewer spores. Our insect bioassays indicated the Δpks15 mutant to be significantly reduced in virulence against beet armyworms compared to wild type (WT), which could be partially accounted for by its markedly decreased ability to survive phagocytosis. Total haemocyte count decreased sharply by 50-fold from days 1-3 post-inoculation in insects infected with WT, compared to a 5-fold decrease in the Δpks15 mutant. The mutant also produced fewer hemolymph hyphal bodies than WT by 3-fold. In co-culture studies with amoebae that have phagocytic ability similar to that of insect haemocytes, at 48 h the mortality rate of amoebae engulfing Δpks15 decreased by 72 %, and Δpks15 CFU decreased by 83 % compared to co-culture with WT. Thus, the Δpks15 mutant had a reduced ability to cope with phagocytosis and highly reduced virulence in an insect host. These data elucidate a mechanism of insect pathogenesis associated with polyketide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Suranat Phonghanpot
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Juntira Punya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Cheerapha Panyasiri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kewarin Klamchao
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Rudsamee Wasuwan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Sangsrakru
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chutima Sonthirod
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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