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Chen YH, Yu SJ, Wu KJ, Wang YS, Tsai HM, Liao LW, Chen S, Hsieh W, Chen H, Hsu SC, Chen ML, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y. Downregulation of α-Synuclein Protein Levels by an Intracellular Single-Chain Antibody. J Parkinsons Dis 2021; 10:573-590. [PMID: 32176654 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn) in the dopaminergic neurons is a common pathology seen in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Overproduction of αSyn potentiates the formation of oligomeric αSyn aggregates and enhances dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Downregulating intracellular monomeric αSyn prevents the formation of αSyn oligomers and is a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the progression of PD. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of gene delivery of αSyn-specific single-chain antibodies in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The plasmids for αSyn and selective antibodies (NAC32, D10, and VH14) were constructed and were transfected to HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells. Co-expression of αSyn with NAC32, but not D10 or VH14, profoundly downregulated αSyn protein, but not αSyn mRNA levels in these cells. The interaction of αSyn and NAC32 antibody was next examined in vivo. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-αSyn combined with AAV-NAC32 or AAV-sc6H4 (a negative control virus) were stereotactically injected into the substantia nigra of adult rats. AAV-NAC32 significantly reduced AAV-encoded αSyn levels in the substantia nigra and striatum and increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum. Also, in the animals injected with AAV-NAC32 alone, endogenous αSyn protein levels were significantly downregulated in the substantia nigra. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that AAV-mediated gene transfer of NAC32 is a feasible approach for reducing the expression of target αSyn protein in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Min Tsai
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Liao
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzy Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Wang YS, Hung TW, Bae EK, Wu KJ, Hsieh W, Yu SJ. Naltrexone is neuroprotective against traumatic brain injury in mu opioid receptor knockout mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:831-841. [PMID: 34018697 PMCID: PMC8193702 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Naltrexone is a mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist used to treat drug dependence in patients. Previous reports indicated that MOR antagonists reduced neurodegeneration and inflammation after brain injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of naltrexone in cell culture and a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods The neuroprotective effect of naltrexone was examined in primary cortical neurons co‐cultured with BV2 microglia. Controlled cortical impact (CCI) was delivered to the left cerebral cortex of adult male MOR wild‐type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. Naltrexone was given daily for 4 days, starting from day 2 after lesioning. Locomotor activity was evaluated on day 5 after the CCI. Brain tissues were collected for immunostaining, Western, and qPCR analysis. Results Glutamate reduced MAP2 immunoreactivity (‐ir), while increased IBA1‐ir in neuron/BV2 co‐culture; both responses were antagonized by naltrexone. TBI significantly reduced locomotor activity and increased the expression of IBA1, iNOS, and CD4 in the lesioned cortex. Naltrexone significantly and equally antagonized the motor deficits and expression of IBA1 and iNOS in WT and KO mice. TBI‐mediated CD4 protein production was attenuated by naltrexone in WT mice, but not in KO mice. Conclusion Naltrexone reduced TBI‐mediated neurodegeneration and inflammation in MOR WT and KO mice. The protective effect of naltrexone involves non‐MOR and MOR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wei Hung
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Eun-Kyung Bae
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hsieh
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Wang YS, Hsieh W, Chung JR, Lan TH, Wang Y. Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury alters diurnal locomotor activity and response to the light change in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14067. [PMID: 31575951 PMCID: PMC6773703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common cause of brain damage with a high incidence of multiple mTBIs found among athletes and soldiers. The purpose of this study is to examine the diurnal behavioral changes after multiple mTBIs. Adult mice were anesthetized; mTBI was conducted by dropping a 30-g weight to the right temporal skull once (mTBI1) or three times (mTBI3) over 3-week. Open-field motor behavior was recorded for 3 days after the last mTBI. In the first 4-hour exploratory phase, mTBI1 or mTBI3 equally reduced locomotor activity. A significant reduction of locomotor activity was found in the dark cycle between 4–72 hour in mTBI1 or mTBI3 mice; higher motor activity was seen after mTBI3 compared to mTBI1. In the light cycle, mTBI3 mice demonstrated an earlier immobilization followed by hyperactivity. The response to light change significantly correlated with the number of impacts. The IBA1 and BAX protein levels were equally increased in the lesioned cortex after mTBI1 and mTBI3. mTBI3 selectively upregulated the expression of circadian clock gene Per1 in hypothalamus and hippocampus as well as iNOS expression in the lesioned side cortex. Our data suggest multiple mTBIs alter diurnal locomotor activity and response to the change of light, which may involve Per1 expression in the lesioned brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hsieh
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ru Chung
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tsuo-Hung Lan
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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4
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Erbilgin A, Seldin MM, Wu X, Mehrabian M, Zhou Z, Qi H, Dabirian KS, Sevag Packard RR, Hsieh W, Bensinger SJ, Sinha S, Lusis AJ. Transcription Factor Zhx2 Deficiency Reduces Atherosclerosis and Promotes Macrophage Apoptosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2016-2027. [PMID: 30026271 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- The objective of this study was to determine the basis of resistance to atherosclerosis of inbred mouse strain BALB/cJ. Approach and Results- BALB/cJ mice carry a naturally occurring null mutation of the gene encoding the transcription factor Zhx2, and genetic analyses suggested that this may confer resistance to atherosclerosis. On a hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor null background, BALB/cJ mice carrying the mutant allele for Zhx2 exhibited up to a 10-fold reduction in lesion size as compared with an isogenic strain carrying the wild-type allele. Several lines of evidence, including bone marrow transplantation studies, indicate that this effect of Zhx2 is mediated, in part, by monocytes/macrophages although nonbone marrow-derived pathways are clearly involved as well. Both in culture and in atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages from Zhx2 null mice exhibited substantially increased apoptosis. Zhx2 null macrophages were also enriched for M2 markers. Effects of Zhx2 on proliferation and other bone marrow-derived cells, such as lymphocytes, were at most modest. Expression microarray analyses identified >1000 differentially expressed transcripts between Zhx2 wild-type and null macrophages. To identify the global targets of Zhx2, we performed ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing) studies with the macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The ChIP-seq peaks overlapped significantly with gene expression and together suggested roles for transcriptional repression and apoptosis. Conclusions- A mutation of Zhx2 carried in BALB/cJ mice is responsible in large part for its relative resistance to atherosclerosis. Our results indicate that Zhx2 promotes macrophage survival and proinflammatory functions in atherosclerotic lesions, thereby contributing to lesion growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Erbilgin
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Xiuju Wu
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Hongxiu Qi
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Keeyon S Dabirian
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - René R Sevag Packard
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.)
| | - Wei Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.)
| | - Satyesh Sinha
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA (S.S.)
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., R.R.S., S.S., A.J.L.).,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (A.E., M.M.S., X.W., M.M., Z.Z., H.Q., K.S.D., W.H., S.J.B., A.J.L.).,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine (A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles
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Ho H, Yeh Y, Hsieh W, Chou T. P1.02-008 Expression of Mismatch Repair Proteins Associates with Survival and Response to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.09.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen P, Yang H, Hou I, Hsieh W, Wang M. THE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL DECISION-MAKING FOR ELDERS LACKING MENTAL CAPACITY: A DELPHI SURVEY. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Chen
- Department of Geriatrics & Gerontology and Palliative Care Center, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan,
- Program of Senior Service, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan,
| | - H. Yang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan,
| | - I. Hou
- Department of Law, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan,
| | - W. Hsieh
- Department of Geriatrics & Gerontology and Palliative Care Center, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan,
| | - M. Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Cheng HL, Dauch J, Porzio M, Yanik B, Hsieh W, Smith A, Singleton J, Feldman E. Useful Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (S07.003). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Cheng HL, Dauch J, Porzio M, Yanik B, Hsieh W, Smith A, Singleton J, Feldman E. Useful Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (IN1-1.004). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.in1-1.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Newman D, Becker J, Ackerman B, Hsieh W, Yang H, Kyrillou E, Krashaur M, Tse A, Sharp V. 258: Can Physician Education Improve Patient Use of a Free Rapid HIV Testing Program? Ann Emerg Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.06.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Bharwani LD, Lopes G, Lim EH, Hsieh W, Chang AY, Shen L. The predictive values of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lopes G, Kukutschka J, Portillo P, Lim EH, Bharwani L, Hsieh W, Chang AY. Pemetrexed in the treatment of Asian patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and mesothelioma: Experience at the Johns Hopkins Singapore International Medical Centre. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Shah K, Kilian B, Hsieh W, Kyrillou E, Hegde V, Newman D. 76: Can Urine Dip Predict an Elevated Serum Creatinine? Ann Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Soo R, Wu J, Aggarwal A, Tao Q, Hsieh W, Putti T, Tan K, Soon W, Lai Y, Mow B, Hsu S, Loh K, Tan L, Tan P, Goh BC. Correction to: Celecoxib reduces microvessel density in patients treated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and induces changes in gene expression. Ann Oncol 2006; 17: 1625–1630. Ann Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Soo RA, Wu J, Aggarwal A, Tao Q, Hsieh W, Putti T, Tan KB, Low JSW, Soon WL, Lai YF, Mow B, Hsu S, Loh KS, Tan L, Tan P, Goh BC. Celecoxib reduces microvessel density in patients treated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and induces changes in gene expression. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:1625-30. [PMID: 17008411 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor with antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. We sought to determine pharmacodynamic change in tumors of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with celecoxib. METHODS Tumor biopsies were obtained before and after treatment with celecoxib 400 mg b.i.d. for 14 days in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated NPC. Tumor angiogenesis and cell proliferation were assessed by immunohistochemistry and gene expression by microarray analysis. Plasma celecoxib concentrations were obtained on days 8 and 14. RESULTS Paired samples were analyzed in 15 patients. Microvessel density was reduced in post-treatment samples and mean celecoxib levels reached therapeutic levels. Thirty-five genes (27 down-regulated, eight up-regulated) were differentially expressed on microarray analysis (p < 0.001). Down-regulated genes included cell cycle regulation-related (cyclin-dependent kinase 2, YES1), transcription factor (TRIP-Br2), whereas the antigen processing and presentation-related gene HLA-DM B was up-regulated. CONCLUSION Celecoxib reduced angiogenesis and induced tumor transcriptional changes. Further characterization of these transcriptional changes in vivo is needed to provide further insights into the effects of celecoxib in neoplastic tissue. Our findings provide a rationale for clinical studies aimed at assessing the efficacy of celecoxib in the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Soo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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Chen J, Chong C, Hsieh W, Fu D, Lemas V, Liu JO, Ambinder RF. Screening a library of FDA-approved drugs identifies agents that induce lytic viral infection in EBV-associated tumors. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2002 Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a variety of tumors including AIDS lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. We hypothesized that drugs used in practice might alter viral gene expression in tumor cells in ways that might be important to understand. For example induction of lytic viral gene expression leads to expression of immunodominant CD8 T cell antigens and expression of the viral thymidine kinase (which phosphorylates ganciclovir and other nucleotide analogues). Methods: A library of FDA-approved drugs that includes 2720 agents was screened to identify those that upregulated EBV lytic gene expression. The screen involved a Burkitt’s cell line with a recombinant GFP-EBV that assayed the impact of agents on replication of the complete viral genome, and assay of a lytic promoter reporter construct. Results: The assay identified 146 agents in the whole virus replication assay, 195 agents in the promoter assay, and 54 agents that were active in both assays. Agents with activity could be grouped into 4 families: anti-tubulin drugs, glucocorticoid and other steroid hormones, DNA damaging agents and nucleotide analogues (including cytarabine and gemcitabine), and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Anti-tubulin drugs and nucleotide analogues were less active in thes whole virus assay than the promoter assay whereas bortezomib showed similar activity in both assays. Followup studies confirmed that bortezomib is a potent viral lytic activator that increases expression of the viral thymidine kinase and virion production in several different Burkitt’s lymphoma and primary effusion lymphoma cell lines. Although bortezomib decreases NFKB levels, in vitro investigations with an IKB repressor suggests that inhibition of NFKB alone does not account for lytic activation. Conclusions: Many cancer chemotherapeutic agents are upregulators of EBV lytic expression. Bortezomib is among the most potent. As strategies for using lytic induction therapeutically evolve, these agents may have an important role to play. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C. Chong
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W. Hsieh
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - D. Fu
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - V. Lemas
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J. O. Liu
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R. F. Ambinder
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Chien FS, Hsu Y, Hsieh W, Cheng S. Dual wavelength demultiplexing by coupling and decoupling of photonic crystal waveguides. Opt Express 2004; 12:1119-1125. [PMID: 19474929 DOI: 10.1364/opex.12.001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the fundamental mode of the two coupled photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) can be odd parity in a triangular photonic crystal and their dispersion curves do intersect. Thus, the PCWs are decoupled at the crossing point. By employing the decoupling at the crossing-point frequency and ultra short coupling length for another frequency, we designed a dual-wavelength demultiplexer with a coupling length of only two wavelengths and output power ratio as high as 15 dB. A loop-shape PCW is adapted to eliminate the backward energy flow.
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Abstract
The effects of polylysine (PLL) and PLL-asialoorosomucoid (AsOR) on DNA condensation have been analyzed by AFM. Different types of condensed DNA structures were observed, which show a sequence of conformational changes as circular plasmid DNA molecules condense progressively. The structures range from circular molecules with the length of the plasmid DNA to small toroids and short rods with approximately 1/6 to 1/8 the contour length of the uncondensed circular DNA. Single plasmid molecules of 6800 base pairs (bp) condense into single toroids of approximately 110 nm diameter, measured center-to-center. The results are consistent with a model for DNA condensation in which circular DNA molecules fold several times into progressively shorter rods. Structures intermediate between toroids and rods suggest that at least some toroids may form by the opening up of rods as proposed by Dunlap et al. [(1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3095]. Toroids and rods formed at lysine:nucleotide ratios of 5:1 and 6:1. This high lysine:nucleotide ratio is discussed in relation to entropic considerations and the overcharging of macroions. PLL-AsOR is much more effective than PLL alone for condensing DNA, because several PLL molecules are attached to a single AsOR molecule, resulting in an increased cation density.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Golan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Abstract
The structures of the reaction products are the basis for novel polymerase assays using the atomic force microscope (AFM). Polymerases are the enzymes involved in transcription and replication of DNA. Rapid semiquantitative estimates of the activity of DNA polymerases such as Sequenase, Taq polymerase, and AMV reverse transcriptase and RNA polymerases (RNAP) such as Escherichia coli RNAP were obtained from AFM images of the nucleic acids after polymerase reactions. DNA polymerases were assayed via replication of the single-stranded φX-174 virion. RNAP was assayed via transcription, using a rolling circle DNA template that produces long strands of RNA. In some cases, AFM was better than agarose gel electrophoresis for assaying DNA polymerase activity, since aggregation prevented the DNA from entering the agarose gel. Extended molecules of single-stranded RNA synthesized with the rolling circle DNA template showed varied conformations and degrees of stretching. Some structural differences were observed between two RNAs-a ribozyme concatamer and an RNA with 90% purines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Hansma
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9530, USA.
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Pietrasanta LI, Thrower D, Hsieh W, Rao S, Stemmann O, Lechner J, Carbon J, Hansma H. Probing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae centromeric DNA (CEN DNA)-binding factor 3 (CBF3) kinetochore complex by using atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3757-62. [PMID: 10097110 PMCID: PMC22367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast centromeric DNA (CEN DNA) binding factor 3 (CBF3) is a multisubunit protein complex that binds to the essential CDEIII element in CEN DNA. The four CBF3 proteins are required for accurate chromosome segregation and are considered to be core components of the yeast kinetochore. We have examined the structure of the CBF3-CEN DNA complex by atomic force microscopy. Assembly of CBF3-CEN DNA complexes was performed by combining purified CBF3 proteins with a DNA fragment that includes the CEN region from yeast chromosome III. Atomic force microscopy images showed DNA molecules with attached globular bodies. The contour length of the DNA containing the complex is approximately 9% shorter than the DNA alone, suggesting some winding of DNA within the complex. The measured location of the single binding site indicates that the complex is located asymmetrically to the right of CDEIII extending away from CDEI and CDEII, which is consistent with previous data. The CEN DNA is bent approximately 55 degrees at the site of complex formation. A significant fraction of the complexes are linked in pairs, showing three to four DNA arms, with molecular volumes approximately three times the mean volumes of two-armed complexes. These multi-armed complexes indicate that CBF3 can bind two DNA molecules together in vitro and, thus, may be involved in holding together chromatid pairs during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Pietrasanta
- Department of Physics, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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20
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Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to assay the extent of DNA condensation in approximately 100 different complexes of DNA with polylysine (PL) or PL covalently attached to the glycoproteins asialoorosomucoid (AsOR) or orosomucoid (OR). The best condensation of DNA was obtained with 10 kDa PL covalently attached to AsOR, at a lysine:nucleotide (Lys:nt) ratio of 5:1 or higher. These conditions produce large numbers of toroids and short rods with contour lengths of 300-400 nm. Some DNA condensation into shortened thickened structures was seen with 10 kDa PL attached to AsOR at Lys:nt ratios of 1.6:1 and 3:1. Some DNA condensation was also seen with 4 kDa PL at Lys:nt ratios of 3:1 and higher. Little DNA condensation was seen with PL alone or with PL convalently attached to OR at Lys:nt ratios up to 6:1. AsOR-PL enhanced gene expression in the mouse liver approximately 10- to 50-fold as compared with PL alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Hansma
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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