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Liao AH, Wang CH, Wang CY, Liu HL, Chuang HC, Tseng WJ, Weng WC, Shih CP, Tsui PH. Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Based on Texture Pattern Recognition on Ultrasound Images Using Unsupervised Clustering Algorithms and Deep Learning. Ultrasound Med Biol 2024:S0301-5629(24)00155-8. [PMID: 38637169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The feasibility of using deep learning in ultrasound imaging to predict the ambulatory status of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was previously explored for the first time. The present study further used clustering algorithms for the texture reconstruction of ultrasound images of DMD data sets and analyzed the difference in echo intensity between disease stages. METHODS k-means (Kms) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithms were used to reconstruct the DMD data-set textures. Each image was reconstructed using seven texture-feature categories, six of which were used as the primary analysis items. The task of automatically identifying the ambulatory function and DMD severity was performed by establishing a machine-learning model. RESULTS The experimental results indicated that the Gaussian Naïve Bayes and k-nearest neighbors classification models achieved an accuracy of 86.78% in ambulatory function classification. The decision-tree model achieved an identification accuracy of 83.80% in severity classification. A deep convolutional neural network model was established as the main structure of the deep-learning model while automatic auxiliary interpretation tasks of ambulatory function and severity were performed, and data augmentation was used to improve the recognition performance of the trained model. Both the visual geometry group (VGG)-16 and VGG-19 models achieved 98.53% accuracy in ambulatory-function classification. The VGG-19 model achieved 92.64% accuracy in severity classification. CONCLUSION Regarding the overall results, the Kms and FCM clustering algorithms were used in this study to reconstruct the characteristic texture of the gastrocnemius muscle group in DMD, which was indeed helpful in quantitatively analyzing the deterioration of the gastrocnemius muscle group in patients with DMD at different stages. Subsequent combination of machine-learning and deep-learning technologies can automatically and accurately assist in identifying DMD symptoms and tracking DMD deterioration for long-term observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Division of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jye Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Shih
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Tsui
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics were synthesized using a sol-gel route with triethyl phosphite and calcium nitrate as phosphorus and calcium precursors, respectively. Two solvents, water and anhydrous ethanol, were used as diluting media for HA sol preparation. The sols were stable and no gelling occurred in ambient environment for over 5 days. The sols became a white gel only after removal of the solvents at 60 degrees C. X-ray diffraction showed that apatitic structure first appeared at a temperature as low as 350 degrees C. The crystal size and the HA content in both gels increase with increasing calcination temperature. The type of initial diluting media (i.e., water vs. anhydrous ethanol) did not affect the microstructural evolution and crystallinity of the resulting HA ceramic. The ethanol-based sol dip-coated onto a Ti substrate, followed by calcination at 450 degrees C, was found to be porous with pore size ranging from 0.3 to 1 microm. This morphology is beneficial to the circulation of physiological fluid when the coating is used for biomedical applications. The satisfactory adhesion between the coating and substrate suggests its suitability for load-bearing uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Liu
- Department of Metals and Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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