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Gera N, Fitzgerald KM, Ramesh V, Patel P, Kanojia D, Colombo F, Kien L, Aoyama S, Xu L, Jean J, Deshpande AM, Comb WC, Chittenden T, Fiske BP. MYTX-011: a pH-dependent anti-cMET antibody-drug conjugate designed for enhanced payload delivery to cMET expressing tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2024:745066. [PMID: 38684230 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Advances in linker payload technology and target selection have been at the forefront of recent improvements in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) design, leading to several approvals over the last decade. In contrast, the potential of novel ADC technologies to enhance payload delivery to tumors is relatively underexplored. We demonstrate that incorporation of pH-dependent binding in the antibody component of a cMET targeting ADC (MYTX-011) can overcome the requirement for high cMET expression on tumors, an innovation that has the potential to benefit a broader population of patients with lower cMET levels. MYTX-011 drove four-fold higher net internalization than a non-pH engineered parent ADC in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and showed increased cytotoxicity against a panel of cell lines from various solid tumors. A single dose of MYTX-011 showed at least three-fold higher efficacy than a benchmark ADC in mouse xenograft models of NSCLC ranging from low to high cMET expression. Moreover, MYTX-011 showed improved pharmacokinetics over parent and benchmark ADCs. In a repeat dose toxicology study, MYTX-011 exhibited a toxicity profile similar to other MMAE-based ADCs. These results highlight the potential of MYTX-011 for treating a broader range of NSCLC patients with cMET expression than other cMET targeting ADCs. A first in human study is ongoing to determine the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of MYTX-011 in patients with NSCLC (NCT05652868).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay Ramesh
- Mythic Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Purvi Patel
- Mythic Therapeutics, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Lihui Xu
- Mythic Therapeutics, United States
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Cangelosi AL, Puszynska AM, Roberts JM, Armani A, Nguyen TP, Spinelli JB, Kunchok T, Wang B, Chan SH, Lewis CA, Comb WC, Bell GW, Helman A, Sabatini DM. Zonated leucine sensing by Sestrin-mTORC1 in the liver controls the response to dietary leucine. Science 2022; 377:47-56. [PMID: 35771919 PMCID: PMC10049859 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase controls growth in response to nutrients, including the amino acid leucine. In cultured cells, mTORC1 senses leucine through the leucine-binding Sestrin proteins, but the physiological functions and distribution of Sestrin-mediated leucine sensing in mammals are unknown. We find that mice lacking Sestrin1 and Sestrin2 cannot inhibit mTORC1 upon dietary leucine deprivation and suffer a rapid loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscle. The WAT loss is driven by aberrant mTORC1 activity and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) production in the liver. Sestrin expression in the liver lobule is zonated, accounting for zone-specific regulation of mTORC1 activity and FGF21 induction by leucine. These results establish the mammalian Sestrins as physiological leucine sensors and reveal a spatial organization to nutrient sensing by the mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Cangelosi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna M. Puszynska
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Justin M. Roberts
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Armani
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Thao P. Nguyen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jessica B. Spinelli
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brianna Wang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caroline A. Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William C. Comb
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - George W. Bell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aharon Helman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Gauthier-Coles G, Vennitti J, Zhang Z, Comb WC, Xing S, Javed K, Bröer A, Bröer S. Quantitative modelling of amino acid transport and homeostasis in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5282. [PMID: 34489418 PMCID: PMC8421413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is one of the fundamental concepts in physiology. Despite remarkable progress in our molecular understanding of amino acid transport, metabolism and signaling, it remains unclear by what mechanisms cytosolic amino acid concentrations are maintained. We propose that amino acid transporters are the primary determinants of intracellular amino acid levels. We show that a cell’s endowment with amino acid transporters can be deconvoluted experimentally and used this data to computationally simulate amino acid translocation across the plasma membrane. Transport simulation generates cytosolic amino acid concentrations that are close to those observed in vitro. Perturbations of the system are replicated in silico and can be applied to systems where only transcriptomic data are available. This work explains amino acid homeostasis at the systems-level, through a combination of secondary active transporters, functionally acting as loaders, harmonizers and controller transporters to generate a stable equilibrium of all amino acid concentrations. Cytosolic amino acid concentrations are carefully maintained, but how homeostasis occurs is unclear. Here, the authors show that amino acid transporters primarily determine intracellular amino acid levels and develop a model that predicts a perturbation response similar to experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jade Vennitti
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhiduo Zhang
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, ACRF INCITe Centre - ANU Node, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | | | - Kiran Javed
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Schweitzer LD, Comb WC, Bar-Peled L, Sabatini DM. Disruption of the Rag-Ragulator Complex by c17orf59 Inhibits mTORC1. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1445-55. [PMID: 26299971 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
mTORC1 controls key processes that regulate cell growth, including mRNA translation, ribosome biogenesis, and autophagy. Environmental amino acids activate mTORC1 by promoting its recruitment to the cytosolic surface of the lysosome, where its kinase is activated downstream of growth factor signaling. mTORC1 is brought to the lysosome by the Rag GTPases, which are tethered to the lysosomal membrane by Ragulator, a lysosome-bound scaffold. Here, we identify c17orf59 as a Ragulator-interacting protein that regulates mTORC1 activity through its interaction with Ragulator at the lysosome. The binding of c17orf59 to Ragulator prevents Ragulator interaction with the Rag GTPases, both in cells and in vitro, and decreases Rag GTPase lysosomal localization. Disruption of the Rag-Ragulator interaction by c17orf59 impairs mTORC1 activation by amino acids by preventing mTOR from reaching the lysosome. By disrupting the Rag-Ragulator interaction to inhibit mTORC1, c17orf59 expression may represent another mechanism to modulate nutrient sensing by mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Schweitzer
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William C Comb
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liron Bar-Peled
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Shaul YD, Freinkman E, Comb WC, Cantor JR, Tam WL, Thiru P, Kim D, Kanarek N, Pacold ME, Chen WW, Bierie B, Possemato R, Reinhardt F, Weinberg RA, Yaffe MB, Sabatini DM. Dihydropyrimidine accumulation is required for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell 2015; 158:1094-1109. [PMID: 25171410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that oncogenic transformation alters cellular metabolism to facilitate cell proliferation, but less is known about the metabolic changes that promote cancer cell aggressiveness. Here, we analyzed metabolic gene expression in cancer cell lines and found that a set of high-grade carcinoma lines expressing mesenchymal markers share a unique 44 gene signature, designated the "mesenchymal metabolic signature" (MMS). A FACS-based shRNA screen identified several MMS genes as essential for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but not for cell proliferation. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), a pyrimidine-degrading enzyme, was highly expressed upon EMT induction and was necessary for cells to acquire mesenchymal characteristics in vitro and for tumorigenic cells to extravasate into the mouse lung. This role of DPYD was mediated through its catalytic activity and enzymatic products, the dihydropyrimidines. Thus, we identify metabolic processes essential for the EMT, a program associated with the acquisition of metastatic and aggressive cancer cell traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav D Shaul
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizaveta Freinkman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William C Comb
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason R Cantor
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Prathapan Thiru
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dohoon Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael E Pacold
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Walter W Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian Bierie
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ferenc Reinhardt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert A Weinberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Comb WC, Hutti JE, Cogswell P, Cantley LC, Baldwin AS. p85α SH2 domain phosphorylation by IKK promotes feedback inhibition of PI3K and Akt in response to cellular starvation. Mol Cell 2012; 45:719-30. [PMID: 22342344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The IκB kinase (IKK) pathway is an essential mediator of inflammatory, oncogenic, and cell stress pathways. Recently IKK was shown to be essential for autophagy induction in mammalian cells independent of its ability to regulate NF-κB, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Here we demonstrate that the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K is an IKK substrate, phosphorylated at S690 in vitro and in vivo in response to cellular starvation. Cells expressing p85 S690A or inhibited for IKK activity exhibit increased Akt activity following cell starvation, demonstrating that p85 phosphorylation is required for starvation-induced PI3K feedback inhibition. S690 is in a conserved region of the p85 cSH2 domain, and IKK-mediated phosphorylation of this site results in decreased affinity for tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and decreased PI3K membrane localization. Finally, leucine deprivation is shown to be necessary and sufficient for starvation-induced, IKK-mediated p85 phosphorylation and PI3K feedback inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Comb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
The induction of mammalian autophagy, a cellular catabolic bulk-degradation process conserved from humans to yeast, was recently shown to require IκB kinase (IKK), the upstream regulator of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. Interestingly, it was shown that this response did not involve NF-κB. Thus, the mechanism by which IKK promotes stimulus-induced autophagy is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of IKK/NF-κB in response to nutrient deprivation, the well-understood autophagy-inducing stimulus. IKK and both the classic and non-canonical pathways of NF-κB are robustly induced in response to cellular starvation. Notably, cells lacking either catalytic subunit of IKK (IKK-α or IKK-β) fail to induce autophagy in response to cellular starvation. Importantly, we show that IKK activity but not NF-κB controls basal expression of the proautophagic gene LC3. We further demonstrate that starvation induces the expression of LC3 and two other essential autophagic genes ATG5 and Beclin-1 in an IKK-dependent manner. These results indicate that the IKK complex is a central mediator of starvation-induced autophagy in mammalian cells, and suggest that this requirement occurs at least in part through the regulation of autophagic gene expression. Interestingly, NF-κB subunits are dispensable for both basal and starvation-induced expression of proautophagic genes. However, starvation-induced activation of NF-κB is not inconsequential, as increases in expression of antiapoptotic NF-κB target genes such as Birc3 are observed in response to cellular starvation. Thus, IKK likely has multiple roles in response to starvation by regulating NF-κB-dependent antiapoptotic gene expression as well as controlling expression of autophagic genes through a yet undetermined mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Comb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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