1
|
Khan R, Ji W, Guzman-Rivera J, Madhvi A, Andrews T, Richlin B, Suarez C, Gaur S, Cuddy W, Singh AR, Bukulmez H, Kaelber D, Kimura Y, Ganapathi U, Michailidis IE, Ukey R, Moroso-Fela S, Kuster JK, Casseus M, Roy J, Kleinman LC, Horton DB, Lakhani SA, Gennaro ML. A genetically modulated Toll-like-receptor-tolerant phenotype in peripheral blood cells of children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome. medRxiv 2024:2024.02.02.24301686. [PMID: 38370700 PMCID: PMC10871447 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.24301686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated innate immune responses contribute to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), characterized by gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and/or cardiovascular injury occurring weeks after SARS-CoV-2 exposure. To investigate innate immune functions in MIS-C, we stimulated ex vivo peripheral blood cells from MIS-C patients with agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLR), key innate immune response initiators. We found severely dampened cytokine responses and elevated gene expression of negative regulators of TLR signaling. Increased plasma levels of zonulin, a gut leakage marker, were also detected. These effects were also observed in children enrolled months after MIS-C recovery. Moreover, cells from MIS-C children carrying rare genetic variants of lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) were less refractory to TLR stimulation and exhibited lysosomal and mitochondrial abnormalities with altered energy metabolism. Our results strongly suggest that MIS-C hyperinflammation and/or excessive or prolonged stimulation with gut-originated TLR ligands drive immune cells to a lasting refractory state. TLR hyporesponsiveness is likely beneficial, as suggested by excess lymphopenia among rare LYST variant carriers. Our findings point to cellular mechanisms underlying TLR hyporesponsiveness; identify genetic determinants that may explain the MIS-C clinical spectrum; suggest potential associations between innate refractory states and long COVID; and highlight the need to monitor long-term consequences of MIS-C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Khan
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
| | - Weizhen Ji
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Jeisac Guzman-Rivera
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
| | - Abhilasha Madhvi
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
| | - Tracy Andrews
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Benjamin Richlin
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Christian Suarez
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center, and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Sunanda Gaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Aalok R Singh
- Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Valhalla, NY
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Hulya Bukulmez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, MetroHealth System, Cleveland OH
| | - David Kaelber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, MetroHealth System, Cleveland OH
- Center for Clinical Informatics Research and Education, MetroHealth System, Cleveland OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH
| | - Yukiko Kimura
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ
| | - Usha Ganapathi
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
| | - Ioannis E Michailidis
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
| | - Rahul Ukey
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
| | - Sandra Moroso-Fela
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - John K Kuster
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Myriam Casseus
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Jason Roy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Lawrence C Kleinman
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
- Department of Global Urban Health, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Daniel B Horton
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
- Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Saquib A Lakhani
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pathan AK, Cuddy W, Kimberly MO, Adusei-Fosu K, Rolando CA, Park RF. Efficacy of Fungicides Applied for Protectant and Curative Activity Against Myrtle Rust. Plant Dis 2020; 104:2123-2129. [PMID: 32539594 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2106-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Myrtle rust, caused by the pathogen Austropuccinia psidii, affects species of the Myrtaceae, many of which are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. Originating from South America, A. psidii is now present in both countries, necessitating effective chemical control for disease management. Using an artificial inoculation protocol, the efficacy of eight fungicides (tebuconazole/trifloxystrobin, cyproconazole/azoxystrobin, fosetyl aluminum, triforine, triadimenol, oxycarboxin, copper, and tebuconazole) applied as curative or protectant treatments was tested on two native New Zealand species (Lophomyrtus × ralphii and Metrosideros excelsa). The impacts of rate (×2), frequency (single or double), and timing (pre- or postinfection) of fungicide application were investigated. Overall, the most effective fungicides tested across both species were those that included a demethylation inhibitor and strobilurin mix, notably tebuconazole/trifloxystrobin (Scorpio) and cyproconazole/azoxystrobin (Amistar Xtra). These fungicides significantly reduced infection of host plants relative to the water control. Timing of application significantly affected bioefficacy, with applications made 7 days before inoculation or 7 days after inoculation being generally the most effective. The rate of fungicide application was not significant for both host species, with few interaction terms showing overall significance. Key findings from this study will set the foundation for further fungicide bioefficacy research conducted to evaluate formulations and adjuvant mixtures, determine suitable application methods for enhanced retention and coverage, and derive optimum application time for effective protection of native and exotic Myrtaceae species in New Zealand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin K Pathan
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - William Cuddy
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle NSW 2568, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Robert F Park
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia
| |
Collapse
|