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George J, Chen Y, Abdelfattah N, Yamamoto K, Adamson S, Choi JM, Rybinski B, Srivastava A, Kumar P, Lee MG, Baskin DS, Jiang W, Kim BY, Flavahan W, Chuang JH, Jung SY, Yun K. Abstract 3961: Cancer stem cells, not bulk tumor cells, predict mechanisms of resistance to SMO inhibitors in SHH medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The emergence of primary and acquired treatment resistance significantly reduces the clinical utility of many effective targeted therapies. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of drug resistance have been reported in literature; however, whether these mechanisms are stochastically selected in individual tumors or governed by a predictable underlying principle is unknown.Here, we report that one can predict a priori the resistance mechanism that will arise in individual SMO inhibitor (SMOi)-resistant SHH medulloblastoma (MB), based on different CSC phenotypes in each tumor. We show that the dependence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), not bulk tumor cells, on the targeted pathway (sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway) determines the molecular mechanism of resistance in individual tumors. Using both spontaneous (Fsmo;GFAP-cre) and transplantable (Ptch+/-;p53) mouse models of SHH MB treated with a Smoothened inhibitor, sonidegib/LDE225, we show that genetic-based resistance occurs only when the CSCs depend on the targeted pathway. In contrast, SHH MBs containing SHH-dependent bulk tumor cells but SHH-independent CSCs (SI-CSCs), acquire resistance through epigenetic reprogramming. Mechanistically, we discovered that the elevated proteasome activity in SMOi-resistant SI-CSC MBs alters the tumor cell maturation trajectory through enhanced degradation of specific epigenetic regulators, including the histone acetylation machinery. Consequently, SMOi-resistant SI- SMOi-resistant SI-CSC exhibit a global reduction of H3K9Ac, H3K14Ac, H3K56Ac, H4K5Ac, and H4K8Ac marks and gene expression changes. These results provide new insights into how selective pressure on distinct tumor cell populations contributes to different mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies and implicate histone acetylation in the process. This information can be clinically exploited to understand responses and resistance to SMOis and other targeted therapies.
Citation Format: Joshy George, Yaohui Chen, Nourhan Abdelfattah, Keiko Yamamoto, Scott Adamson, Jong Min Choi, Brad Rybinski, Anuj Srivastava, Parveen Kumar, Min Gyu Lee, David S. Baskin, Wen Jiang, Betty Y. Kim, William Flavahan, Jeffrey H. Chuang, Sung Yun Jung, Kyuson Yun. Cancer stem cells, not bulk tumor cells, predict mechanisms of resistance to SMO inhibitors in SHH medulloblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3961.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaohui Chen
- 2Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Brad Rybinski
- 5University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Wen Jiang
- 6MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Kyuson Yun
- 2Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX
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2
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George J, Chen Y, Abdelfattah N, Yamamoto K, Gallup TD, Adamson SI, Rybinski B, Srivastava A, Kumar P, Lee MG, Baskin DS, Jiang W, Choi JM, Flavahan W, Chuang JH, Kim BY, Xu J, Jung SY, Yun K. Cancer stem cells, not bulk tumor cells, determine mechanisms of resistance to SMO inhibitors. Cancer Res Commun 2022; 2:402-416. [PMID: 36688010 PMCID: PMC9853917 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of treatment resistance significantly reduces the clinical utility of many effective targeted therapies. Although both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of drug resistance have been reported, whether these mechanisms are stochastically selected in individual tumors or governed by a predictable underlying principle is unknown. Here, we report that the dependence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), not bulk tumor cells, on the targeted pathway determines the molecular mechanism of resistance in individual tumors. Using both spontaneous and transplantable mouse models of sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma (MB) treated with an SHH/Smoothened inhibitor, sonidegib/LDE225, we show that genetic-based resistance occurs only in tumors that contain SHH-dependent CSCs (SD-CSCs). In contrast, SHH MBs containing SHH-dependent bulk tumor cells but SHH-independent CSCs (SI-CSCs) acquire resistance through epigenetic reprogramming. Mechanistically, elevated proteasome activity in SMOi-resistant SI-CSC MBs alters the tumor cell maturation trajectory through enhanced degradation of specific epigenetic regulators, including histone acetylation machinery components, resulting in global reductions in H3K9Ac, H3K14Ac, H3K56Ac, H4K5Ac, and H4K8Ac marks and gene expression changes. These results provide new insights into how selective pressure on distinct tumor cell populations contributes to different mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies. This insight provides a new conceptual framework to understand responses and resistance to SMOis and other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshy George
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute and Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston, Texas
- The Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Houston Methodist, Houston Texas
| | - Nourhan Abdelfattah
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- The Jackson Laboratory-Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Thomas D. Gallup
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott I. Adamson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Brad Rybinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anuj Srivastava
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Parveen Kumar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Min Gyu Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David S. Baskin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute and Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston, Texas
- The Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment Center, Houston Methodist, Houston Texas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Advanced Technology Core, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - William Flavahan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey H. Chuang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Betty Y.S. Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiaqiong Xu
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyuson Yun
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Lim YC, Jensen KE, Aguilar-Morante D, Vardouli L, Vitting-Seerup K, Gimple RC, Wu Q, Pedersen H, Elbaek KJ, Gromova I, Ihnatko R, Kristensen BW, Petersen JK, Skjoth-Rasmussen J, Flavahan W, Rich JN, Hamerlik P. Non-metabolic functions of phosphofructokinase-1 orchestrate tumor cellular invasion and genome maintenance under bevacizumab therapy. Neuro Oncol 2022; 25:248-260. [PMID: 35608632 PMCID: PMC9925708 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly lethal malignancy for which neoangiogenesis serves as a defining hallmark. The anti-VEGF antibody, bevacizumab, has been approved for the treatment of recurrent GBM, but resistance is universal. METHODS We analyzed expression data of GBM patients treated with bevacizumab to discover potential resistance mechanisms. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and cultures were interrogated for effects of phosphofructokinase-1, muscle isoform (PFKM) loss on tumor cell motility, migration, and invasion through genetic and pharmacologic targeting. RESULTS We identified PFKM as a driver of bevacizumab resistance. PFKM functions dichotomize based on subcellular location: cytosolic PFKM interacted with KIF11, a tubular motor protein, to promote tumor invasion, whereas nuclear PFKM safeguarded genomic stability of tumor cells through interaction with NBS1. Leveraging differential transcriptional profiling, bupivacaine phenocopied genetic targeting of PFKM, and enhanced efficacy of bevacizumab in preclinical GBM models in vivo. CONCLUSION PFKM drives novel molecular pathways in GBM, offering a translational path to a novel therapeutic paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristoffer Vitting-Seerup
- Danish Cancer Society, Denmark,Department of Health Technology, Danish Technical University, Denmark
| | - Ryan C Gimple
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Ihnatko
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Goettingen University, Germany
| | | | - Jeanette K Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - William Flavahan
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Corresponding Author: Jeremy Rich, MD, MHS, MBA, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, 5th Floor Pittsburgh, PA 15232; Tel: 4126233364 ()
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Corresponding Author: Petra Hamerlik, MSc, PhD, Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Tel: 35257413 ()
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Libby CJ, Gc S, Benavides GA, Fisher JL, Williford SE, Zhang S, Tran AN, Gordon ER, Jones AB, Tuy K, Flavahan W, Gordillo J, Long A, Cooper SJ, Lasseigne BN, Augelli-Szafran CE, Darley-Usmar V, Hjelmeland AB. A role for GLUT3 in glioblastoma cell invasion that is not recapitulated by GLUT1. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 15:101-115. [PMID: 33843470 PMCID: PMC8043167 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.1903684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted roles of metabolism in invasion have been investigated across many cancers. The brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly invasive and metabolically plastic tumor with an inevitable recurrence. The neuronal glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) was previously reported to correlate with poor glioma patient survival and be upregulated in GBM cells to promote therapeutic resistance and survival under restricted glucose conditions. It has been suggested that the increased glucose uptake mediated by GLUT3 elevation promotes survival of circulating tumor cells to facilitate metastasis. Here we suggest a more direct role for GLUT3 in promoting invasion that is not dependent upon changes in cell survival or metabolism. Analysis of glioma datasets demonstrated that GLUT3, but not GLUT1, expression was elevated in invasive disease. In human xenograft derived GBM cells, GLUT3, but not GLUT1, elevation significantly increased invasion in transwell assays, but not growth or migration. Further, there were no changes in glycolytic metabolism that correlated with invasive phenotypes. We identified the GLUT3 C-terminus as mediating invasion: substituting the C-terminus of GLUT1 for that of GLUT3 reduced invasion. RNA-seq analysis indicated changes in extracellular matrix organization in GLUT3 overexpressing cells, including upregulation of osteopontin. Together, our data suggest a role for GLUT3 in increasing tumor cell invasion that is not recapitulated by GLUT1, is separate from its role in metabolism and survival as a glucose transporter, and is likely broadly applicable since GLUT3 expression correlates with metastasis in many solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Libby
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sajina Gc
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Mitochondria Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fisher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sarah E Williford
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sixue Zhang
- Chemistry Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anh Nhat Tran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily R Gordon
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Amber B Jones
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kaysaw Tuy
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William Flavahan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, MA, USA
| | - Juan Gordillo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ashlee Long
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sara J Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Brittany N Lasseigne
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,UAB IMPACT Fund, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Mitochondria Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Flavahan W, Drier Y, Tarjan D, Liau B, Gillespie S, Venteicher A, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Suva M, Bernstein B. GENT-19. INSULATOR DYSFUNCTION AS AN ONCOGENIC DRIVER IN GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now212.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Hale JS, Otvos B, Sinyuk M, Alvarado AG, Hitomi M, Stoltz K, Wu Q, Flavahan W, Levison B, Johansen ML, Schmitt D, Neltner JM, Huang P, Ren B, Sloan AE, Silverstein RL, Gladson CL, DiDonato JA, Brown JM, McIntyre T, Hazen SL, Horbinski C, Rich JN, Lathia JD. Cancer stem cell-specific scavenger receptor CD36 drives glioblastoma progression. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1746-58. [PMID: 24737733 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) contains a self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cell (CSC) population which contributes to tumor propagation and therapeutic resistance. While the tumor microenvironment is essential to CSC self-renewal, the mechanisms by which CSCs sense and respond to microenvironmental conditions are poorly understood. Scavenger receptors are a broad class of membrane receptors well characterized on immune cells and instrumental in sensing apoptotic cellular debris and modified lipids. Here, we provide evidence that CSCs selectively use the scavenger receptor CD36 to promote their maintenance using patient-derived CSCs and in vivo xenograft models. CD36 expression was observed in GBM cells in addition to previously described cell types including endothelial cells, macrophages, and microglia. CD36 was enriched in CSCs and was able to functionally distinguish self-renewing cells. CD36 was coexpressed with integrin alpha 6 and CD133, previously described CSC markers, and CD36 reduction resulted in concomitant loss of integrin alpha 6 expression, self-renewal, and tumor initiation capacity. We confirmed oxidized phospholipids, ligands of CD36, were present in GBM and found that the proliferation of CSCs, but not non-CSCs, increased with exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. CD36 was an informative biomarker of malignancy and negatively correlated to patient prognosis. These results provide a paradigm for CSCs to thrive by the selective enhanced expression of scavenger receptors, providing survival, and metabolic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Hitomi M, Deleyrolle L, Sinyuk M, Otvos B, Brunet S, Jarrar A, Flavahan W, Goan W, Mulkearns-Hubert E, Zhang A, Rohaus M, Oli M, Vedam-Mai V, Fortin J, Futch H, Wu Q, Ahluwalia M, Rich J, Reynolds B, Lathia J. SC-11 * DIFFERENTIAL CONNEXIN FUNCTION ENHANCES SELF-RENEWAL IN GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou275.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Otvos B, Alvarado A, Hale J, Stoltz K, Sinyuk M, Rayman P, Flavahan W, Wu Q, Jarrar A, Rich J, Ransohoff R, Finke J, Vogelbaum M, Lathia J. ME-15 * INTERACTION BETWEEN CANCER STEM CELLS AND MYELOID DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS DRIVES IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND GLIOBLASTOMA GROWTH. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou261.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bai Y, Lathia JD, Zhang P, Flavahan W, Rich JN, Mattson MP. Molecular targeting of TRF2 suppresses the growth and tumorigenesis of glioblastoma stem cells. Glia 2014; 62:1687-98. [PMID: 24909307 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent primary brain tumor and is essentially universally fatal within 2 years of diagnosis. Glioblastomas contain cellular hierarchies with self-renewing glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that are often resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. GSCs express high amounts of repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which may contribute to their resistance to standard therapies. Telomere repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2) stablizes telomeres and REST to maintain self-renewal of neural stem cells and tumor cells. Here we show viral vector-mediated delivery of shRNAs targeting TRF2 mRNA depletes TRF2 and REST from GSCs isolated from patient specimens. As a result, GSC proliferation is reduced and the level of proteins normally expressed by postmitotic neurons (L1CAM and β3-tubulin) is increased, suggesting that loss of TRF2 engages a cell differentiation program in the GSCs. Depletion of TRF2 also sensitizes GSCs to temozolomide, a DNA-alkylating agent currently used to treat glioblastoma. Targeting TRF2 significantly increased the survival of mice bearing GSC xenografts. These findings reveal a role for TRF2 in the maintenance of REST-associated proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of GSCs, suggesting that TRF2 is a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cheng L, Huang Z, Zhou W, Wu Q, Rich J, Bao S, Baxter P, Mao H, Zhao X, Liu Z, Huang Y, Voicu H, Gurusiddappa S, Su JM, Perlaky L, Dauser R, Leung HCE, Muraszko KM, Heth JA, Fan X, Lau CC, Man TK, Chintagumpala M, Li XN, Clark P, Zorniak M, Cho Y, Zhang X, Walden D, Shusta E, Kuo J, Sengupta S, Goel-Bhattacharya S, Kulkarni S, Cochran B, Cusulin C, Luchman A, Weiss S, Wu M, Fernandez N, Agnihotri S, Diaz R, Rutka J, Bredel M, Karamchandani J, Das S, Day B, Stringer B, Al-Ejeh F, Ting M, Wilson J, Ensbey K, Jamieson P, Bruce Z, Lim YC, Offenhauser C, Charmsaz S, Cooper L, Ellacott J, Harding A, Lickliter J, Inglis P, Reynolds B, Walker D, Lackmann M, Boyd A, Berezovsky A, Poisson L, Hasselbach L, Irtenkauf S, Transou A, Mikkelsen T, deCarvalho AC, Emlet D, Del Vecchio C, Gupta P, Li G, Skirboll S, Wong A, Figueroa J, Shahar T, Hossain A, Lang F, Fouse S, Nakamura J, James CD, Chang S, Costello J, Frerich JM, Rahimpour S, Zhuang Z, Heiss JD, Golebiewska A, Stieber D, Evers L, Lenkiewicz E, Brons NHC, Nicot N, Oudin A, Bougnaud S, Hertel F, Bjerkvig R, Barrett M, Vallar L, Niclou SP, Hao X, Rahn J, Ujack E, Lun X, Cairncross G, Weiss S, Senger D, Robbins S, Harness J, Lerner R, Ihara Y, Santos R, Torre JDL, Lu A, Ozawa T, Nicolaides T, James D, Petritsch C, Higgins D, Schroeder M, Ball B, Milligan B, Meyer F, Sarkaria J, Henley J, Flavahan W, Wu Q, Hitomi M, Rahim N, Kim Y, Sloan A, Weil R, Nakano I, Sarkaria J, Stringer B, Li M, Lathia J, Rich J, Hjelmeland A, Kaluzova M, Platt S, Kent M, Bouras A, Machaidze R, Hadjipanayis C, Kang SG, Kim SH, Huh YM, Kim EH, Park EK, Chang JH, Kim SH, Hong YK, Kim DS, Lee SJ, Kim EH, Kang SG, Hitomi M, Deleyrolle L, Sinyuk M, Li M, Goan W, Otvos B, Rohaus M, Oli M, Vedam-Mai V, Schonberg D, Wu Q, Rich J, Reynolds B, Lathia J, Lee ST, Chu K, Kim SH, Lee SK, Kim M, Roh JK, Lerner R, Griveau A, Ihara Y, Reichholf B, McMahon M, Rowitch D, James D, Petritsch C, Nitta R, Mitra S, Agarwal M, Bui T, Li G, Lin J, Adamson C, Martinez-Quintanilla J, Choi SH, Bhere D, Heidari P, He D, Mahmood U, Shah K, Mitra S, Gholamin S, Feroze A, Achrol A, Kahn S, Weissman I, Cheshier S, Nakano I, Sulman EP, Wang Q, Mostovenko E, Liu H, Lichti CF, Shavkunov A, Kroes RA, Moskal JR, Conrad CA, Lang FF, Emmett MR, Nilsson CL, Osuka S, Sampetrean O, Shimizu T, Saga I, Onishi N, Sugihara E, Okubo J, Fujita S, Takano S, Matsumura A, Saya H, Saito N, Fu J, Wang S, Yung WKA, Koul D, Schmid RS, Irvin DM, Vitucci M, Bash RE, Werneke AM, Miller CR, Shinojima N, Hossain A, Takezaki T, Fueyo J, Gumin J, Gao F, Nwajei F, Marini FC, Andreeff M, Kuratsu JI, Lang FF, Singh S, Burrell K, Koch E, Agnihotri S, Jalali S, Vartanian A, Gumin J, Sulman E, Lang F, Wouters B, Zadeh G, Spelat R, Singer E, Matlaf L, McAllister S, Soroceanu L, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Loetsch D, Laaber M, Schrangl C, Wohrer A, Hainfellner J, Marosi C, Pichler J, Weis S, Wurm G, Widhalm G, Knosp E, Berger W, Takezaki T, Shinojima N, Kuratsu JI, Lang F, Tam Q, Tanaka S, Nakada M, Yamada D, Nakano I, Todo T, Hayashi Y, Hamada JI, Hirao A, Tilghman J, Ying M, Laterra J, Venere M, Chang C, Wu Q, Summers M, Rosenfeld S, Rich J, Tanaka S, Luk S, Chang C, Iafrate J, Cahill D, Martuza R, Rabkin S, Chi A, Wakimoto H, Wirsching HG, Krishnan S, Frei K, Krayenbuhl N, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Tabatabai G, Man J, Shoemake J, Venere M, Rich J, Yu J. STEM CELLS. Neuro Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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