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Arya A, Ihle R, Heijman W. An analytical framework for household entitlement assessment in civil war. Disasters 2023; 47:942-971. [PMID: 36898976 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amartya Sen, the economist and philosopher, defines entitlement as command over resources that permits a household to have access to essential goods and services to sustain life within legal and established social norms and practices. Entitlement failure occurs when a household's command over all available combinations of resources does not ensure sufficient provisions of food to avoid starvation. This paper provides an overview of the literature on causal relations between civil war and household entitlements. It suggests a conceptual framework for empirically analysing the ramifications of armed political conflict on household entitlements. In addition, it develops a composite index as a tool to investigate the effect of civil war on household entitlements and to guide policy in the context of conflict-related international humanitarian interventions. The paper's key contribution is to suggest an empirical framework for quantitative measurement of the impact of civil war on household entitlements and to improve targeting criteria in post-conflict rehabilitation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Arya
- PhD Candidate, Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Group, Department of Economics, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
- Regional Policy and Programme Officer, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rico Ihle
- Associate Professor, Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Group, Department of Economics, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Heijman
- Professor (Em.) of Regional Economics, Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Group, Department of Economics, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
- Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Czech Republic
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Miao S, Zhu X, Heijman W, Xu Z, Lu Q. Deeds and Words: Farmers' Attitude-Paradox in Collective Action for Small-Scale Irrigation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:549. [PMID: 36612871 PMCID: PMC9819655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We explore the mechanisms of the attitude-behavior paradox and how multiple stakeholders strategize to compromise their attitudes and behaviors. Through an instrumental variable probit model, we examine the effect of income heterogeneity and social ties on the farmers' attitude-behavior paradox for collective action. The empirical results demonstrate that weak and strong ties, income heterogeneity, interaction terms, education, community environment, and community rules negatively affect the paradox, whereas water stealing and water use conflicts positively affect it. After dividing the paradox into two forms, we find that weak ties, the interaction terms thereof, negatively affect the paradox for "having negative attitude but do have behavior", while income heterogeneity negatively affects the paradox for "having positive attitude but no behavior". We contribute to the understanding of mechanisms whereby economic incentives and social structures interplay in addressing the above paradox. We conclude by discussing the implications for policies to overcome this social dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Miao
- Development and Research Institute of Central Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xueqin Zhu
- Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Heijman
- Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zengwei Xu
- Business School, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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van Haaften M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Gardebroek C, Heijman W, Meuwissen M. Understanding tree failure-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246805. [PMID: 33592010 PMCID: PMC7886209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has indicated an increase in the likelihood and impact of tree failure. The potential for trees to fail relates to various biomechanical and physical factors. Strikingly, there seems to be an absence of tree risk assessment methods supported by observations, despite an increasing availability of variables and parameters measured by scientists, arborists and practitioners. Current urban tree risk assessments vary due to differences in experience, training, and personal opinions of assessors. This stresses the need for a more objective method to assess the hazardousness of urban trees. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of factors that influence tree failure including stem failure, root failure and branch failure. A systematic literature review according to the PRISMA guidelines has been performed in databases, supported by backward referencing: 161 articles were reviewed revealing 142 different factors which influenced tree failure. A meta-analysis of effect sizes and p-values was executed on those factors which were associated directly with any type of tree failure. Bayes Factor was calculated to assess the likelihood that the selected factors appear in case of tree failure. Publication bias was analysed visually by funnel plots and results by regression tests. The results provide evidence that the factors Height and Stem weight positively relate to stem failure, followed by Age, DBH, DBH squared times H, and Cubed DBH (DBH3) and Tree weight. Stem weight and Tree weight were found to relate positively to root failure. For branch failure no relating factors were found. We recommend that arborists collect further data on these factors. From this review it can further be concluded that there is no commonly shared understanding, model or function available that considers all factors which can explain the different types of tree failure. This complicates risk estimations that include the failure potential of urban trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus van Haaften
- Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Domain Agri, Food and Life Sciences, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yili Liu
- Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Domain Agri, Food and Life Sciences, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Domain Agri, Food and Life Sciences, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Domain Agri, Food and Life Sciences, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Gardebroek
- Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Heijman
- Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Economics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miranda Meuwissen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kurek KA, Heijman W, van Ophem J, Gędek S, Strojny J. Dataset for the model of a municipality competitiveness in relation to the geothermal resources exploitation in Poland. Data Brief 2020; 31:105687. [PMID: 32551341 PMCID: PMC7287252 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This dataset corresponds with the manuscript "The impact of geothermal resources on the competitiveness of municipalities: evidence from Poland" [1]. In the paper, the geothermal resources are assumed as a local competitive advantage for the municipalities that exploit them. In order to examine the relation between the exploitation of the geothermal resources and local competitiveness we determine a model of municipality competitiveness in Poland. Concept of the local competitiveness is referred to place-based measures (Lovering [2], Mytelka and Farinelli [3], Plummer and Taylor [4], Kitson et al.[5]) and it is related to the management of local resources (Malecki [6], Turok [7]). Literature review suggests that the local competitiveness is best reflected in the indicators of economic welfare and sustainability (Meyer-Stamer [8], Audretsch et al.[9]). Therefore, we use an expert method to build the model of a municipality competitiveness indicators on the example of Poland. Throughout the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method engaged experts select the 24 indicators of local competitiveness. This method serves in situations of a problem complexity (Kamenetzky [10], Saaty [11]) and as a multicriteria method in the regional studies (Dinc et al. [12]). Aggregation of the AHP selected indicators yields a synthetic competitiveness index for each of the municipalities that we examine. This index constitutes the model dependent variable in the related research article. This procedure of building municipality competitiveness model sets an example of approaching a complex phenomenon such as the local competitiveness definition. The versatility of this method enables its application into related research cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Heijman
- Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
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Liu M, Heijman W, Zhu X, Dries L, Huang J. Individual and social optima of rural land allocation by stakeholders: a case study on eco-fragile areas of northern China. Rangel J 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/rj15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Divergences in preferences over the allocation of rural land among stakeholders are getting stronger with the decrease of rural land area. This paper analyses the degree of divergences among different stakeholders over the allocation of four types of land: cultivated land, grassland, forest and other land, and explores the optimal allocation from the social perspective of balancing economic and ecological benefits. Considering the heterogeneity of stakeholders that are concerned with land-use decisions, we distinguish four types of stakeholders, namely, ecological authorities, economic authorities, herders and farmers. The diverging preferences of these four stakeholder types over the different types of land use were quantified using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Weights for each stakeholder type were derived for three scenarios: equal weights, weights based on income distribution and weights based on labour force distribution. Welfare analysis was employed then to determine the individual optimal allocation by maximising the utility function of each stakeholder type. Social optimal allocation was derived by maximising the social welfare function, which is the weighted sum of individual utilities. Tai Pusi County, located in an eco-fragile area of northern China, was taken as a case to present the empirical analysis. Individual optima revealed the degree of divergences among stakeholders and the social optima revealed the optimal allocation based on social welfare. Our results provide policy insights on how to achieve an efficient allocation of rural land, balancing the ecological and economic benefits of different stakeholders from different types of land.
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