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Zachreson C, Yap X, Gloag ES, Shimoni R, Whitchurch CB, Toth M. Network patterns in exponentially growing two-dimensional biofilms. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:042401. [PMID: 29347525 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.042401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic collective patterns occur frequently in the morphogenesis of two-dimensional biofilms. These patterns are often attributed to growth regulation mechanisms and differentiation based on gradients of diffusing nutrients and signaling molecules. Here, we employ a model of bacterial growth dynamics to show that even in the absence of growth regulation or differentiation, confinement by an enclosing medium such as agar can itself lead to stable pattern formation over time scales that are employed in experiments. The underlying mechanism relies on path formation through physical deformation of the enclosing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Zachreson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Xinhui Yap
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Erin S Gloag
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Raz Shimoni
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Turnbull L, Toyofuku M, Hynen AL, Kurosawa M, Pessi G, Petty NK, Osvath SR, Cárcamo-Oyarce G, Gloag ES, Shimoni R, Omasits U, Ito S, Yap X, Monahan LG, Cavaliere R, Ahrens CH, Charles IG, Nomura N, Eberl L, Whitchurch CB. Explosive cell lysis as a mechanism for the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and biofilms. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11220. [PMID: 27075392 PMCID: PMC4834629 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria produce extracellular and surface-associated components such as membrane vesicles (MVs), extracellular DNA and moonlighting cytosolic proteins for which the biogenesis and export pathways are not fully understood. Here we show that the explosive cell lysis of a sub-population of cells accounts for the liberation of cytosolic content in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that explosive cell lysis also produces shattered membrane fragments that rapidly form MVs. A prophage endolysin encoded within the R- and F-pyocin gene cluster is essential for explosive cell lysis. Endolysin-deficient mutants are defective in MV production and biofilm development, consistent with a crucial role in the biogenesis of MVs and liberation of extracellular DNA and other biofilm matrix components. Our findings reveal that explosive cell lysis, mediated through the activity of a cryptic prophage endolysin, acts as a mechanism for the production of bacterial MVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Masanori Toyofuku
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Amelia L Hynen
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Masaharu Kurosawa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Gabriella Pessi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Nicola K Petty
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Sarah R Osvath
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Gerardo Cárcamo-Oyarce
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Erin S Gloag
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Raz Shimoni
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ulrich Omasits
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Xinhui Yap
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Leigh G Monahan
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Rosalia Cavaliere
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Christian H Ahrens
- Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Research Group Molecular Diagnostics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, &Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Wädenswil 8820, Switzerland
| | - Ian G Charles
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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