Isolation and characterization of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria induced following exposure of soil to hydrogen gas and their impact on plant growth

In many legumes, the nitrogen fixing root nodules produce H2 gas that diffuses into soil. It has been demonstrated that such exposure of soil to H2 can promote plant growth. To assess whether this may be due to H2-oxidizing microorganisms, bacteria were isolated from soil treated with H2 under laboratory conditions and from soils collected adjacent to H2 producing soybean nodules. Nineteen isolates of H2-oxidizing bacteria were obtained and all exhibited a half-saturation coefficient (Ks) for H2 of about 1 ml l(-1). The isolates were identified as Variovorax paradoxus, Flavobacterium johnsoniae and Burkholderia spp. using conventional microbiological tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Seventeen of the isolates enhanced (57-254%) root elongation of spring wheat seedlings. Using an Arabidopsis thaliana bioassay, plant biomass was increased by 11-27% when inoculated by one of four isolates of V. paradoxus or one isolate of Burkholderia that were selected for evaluation. The isolates of V. paradoxus found in both H2-treated soil and in soil adjacent to soybean nodules had the greatest impact on plant growth. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that H2-oxidizing bacteria in soils have plant growth promoting properties.

The regulation of Rubisco activity in response to variation in temperature and atmospheric CO2 partial pressure in sweet potato

The temperature response of net CO(2) assimilation rate (A), the rate of whole-chain electron transport, the activity and activation state of Rubisco, and the pool sizes of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) were assessed in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) grown under greenhouse conditions. Above the thermal optimum of photosynthesis, the activation state of Rubisco declined with increasing temperature. Doubling CO(2) above 370 mubar further reduced the activation state, while reducing CO(2) by one-half increased it. At cool temperature (<16 degrees C), the activation state of Rubisco declined at CO(2) levels where photosynthesis was unaffected by a 90% reduction in O(2) content. Reduction of the partial pressure of CO(2) at cool temperature also enhanced the activation state of Rubisco. The rate of electron transport showed a pronounced temperature response with the same temperature optimum as A at elevated CO(2). RuBP pool size and the RuBP-to-PGA ratio declined with increasing temperature. Increasing CO(2) also reduced the RuBP pool size. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the reduction in the activation state of Rubisco at high and low temperature is a regulated response to a limitation in one of the processes contributing to the rate of RuBP regeneration. To further evaluate this possibility, we used measured estimates of Rubisco capacity, electron transport capacity, and the inorganic phosphate regeneration capacity to model the response of A to temperature. At elevated CO(2), the activation state of Rubisco declined at high temperatures where electron transport capacity was predicted to be limiting, and at cooler temperatures where the inorganic phosphate regeneration capacity was limiting. At low CO(2), where Rubisco capacity was predicted to limit photosynthesis, full activation of Rubisco was observed at all measurement temperatures.

In vivo gas exchange measurement of the site and dynamics of nitrate reduction in soybean

A gas analysis system was built to study the relationship between the reductant cost of NO(3)(-) assimilation and the measured rate of CO(2) and O(2) exchange in roots, leaves, and stems+ petioles of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Maple glen) plants. The measurements were used to calculate the diverted reductant utilization rate (DRUR = 4*[measured rate of CO(2) + measured rate of O(2)], in moles of high-energy electron [e(-)] per gram per hour) in plants in the presence (N+) and absence (N-) of NO(3)(-). The differences in DRUR between the N+ and N- treatments provided a measure of the NO(3)(-)-coupled DRUR of 25-d-old plants, whereas a (15)NO(3)(-)-enriched nutrient solution was used to obtain an independent measure of the rate of NO(3)(-) assimilation. The measured reductant cost for the whole plant was 9.6 e(-) per N assimilated, a value within the theoretical range of four to 10 e(-) per N assimilated. The results predicted that shoots accounted for about 55% of the whole-plant NO(3)(-) assimilation over the entire day, with shoots dominating in the light, and roots in the dark. The gas analysis approach described here holds promise as a powerful, noninvasive tool to study the regulation of NO(3)(-) assimilation in plant tissue.

The activation state of Rubisco directly limits photosynthesis at low CO(2) and low O(2) partial pressures

Using gas exchange, enzyme assays, and theoretical modeling of photosynthetic responses to light and CO(2), we investigated whether decarbamylation of the active site of Rubisco at low CO(2) and low light leads to a condition where the activation state of Rubisco directly limits the rate of net CO(2) assimilation. Photosynthetic limitation by a reduction in the activation state of Rubisco would be indicated as a decline in the initial slope of the photosynthetic CO(2) response relative to what is predicted using theoretical models. In bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and oat (Avena sativa), we saw no discrepancy between predicted and observed initial slope values at 200 and 400 mbar O(2), indicating no limitation by the carbamylation state of Rubisco. At 30 mbar O(2) and light saturation, we also saw no discrepancy between predicted and observed initial slope values; however, at subsaturating light intensity, our observed initial slope values were less than the modeled initial slope values that corresponded to an RuBP regeneration limitation. Moreover, significant reduction of the Rubisco activation state occurred in both species at 30 mbar O(2) and 30 mubar CO(2). When the model was reprogrammed to account for observed levels of Rubisco deactivation, the predicted and measured initial slope values at low O(2) and low PPFD were similar, indicating the reduction in carbamylation state accounted for the discrepancy. We interpret this as evidence for a direct limitation of the carbamylation state of Rubisco, probably because of a CO(2) limitation for carbamate formation. This limitation was only observed at intercellular CO(2) levels below what is encountered in vivo. At physiologically relevant CO(2) levels in situ, the leaves maintained sufficient Rubisco activity to avoid cabamylation state limitations in the steady state.

Whole-plant gas exchange and reductive biosynthesis in white lupin

Simultaneous measurements of CO(2) (CER) and O(2) (OER) exchange in roots and shoots of vegetative white lupin (Lupinus albus) were used to calculate the flow of reducing power to the synthesis of biomass that was more reduced per unit of carbon than carbohydrate. On a whole-plant basis, the diverted reductant utilization rate (DRUR which is: 4 x [CER + OER]) of shoot tissue was consistently higher than that of roots, and values obtained in the light were greater than those in the dark. An analysis of the biomass being synthesized over a 24-h period provided an estimate of whole-plant DRUR (3.5 mmol e(-) plant(-1) d(-1)), which was similar to that measured by gas exchange (3.2 mmol e(-) plant(-1) d(-1)). Given that nitrate reduction to ammonia makes up about 74% of whole-plant DRUR, root nitrate reduction in white lupin was estimated to account for less than 43% of whole-plant nitrate reduction. The approach developed here should offer a powerful tool for the noninvasive study of metabolic regulation in intact plants or plant organs.