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Goldman A, Mullokandov M, Zaltsman Y, Regev L, Levin-Zaidman S, Gross A. MTCH2 cooperates with MFN2 and lysophosphatidic acid synthesis to sustain mitochondrial fusion. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:45-67. [PMID: 38177900 PMCID: PMC10897490 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusion of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) is regulated by mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and 2 (MFN2), yet the differential contribution of each of these proteins is less understood. Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 (MTCH2) also plays a role in mitochondrial fusion, but its exact function remains unresolved. MTCH2 overexpression enforces MFN2-independent mitochondrial fusion, proposedly by modulating the phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is synthesized by glycerol-phosphate acyl transferases (GPATs) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the OMM. Here we report that MTCH2 requires MFN1 to enforce mitochondrial fusion and that fragmentation caused by loss of MTCH2 can be specifically counterbalanced by overexpression of MFN2 but not MFN1, partially independent of its GTPase activity and mitochondrial localization. Pharmacological inhibition of GPATs (GPATi) or silencing ER-resident GPATs suppresses MFN2's ability to compensate for the loss of MTCH2. Loss of either MTCH2, MFN2, or GPATi does not impair stress-induced mitochondrial fusion, whereas the combined loss of MTCH2 and GPATi or the combined loss of MTCH2 and MFN2 does. Taken together, we unmask two cooperative mechanisms that sustain mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Goldman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Michael Mullokandov
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yehudit Zaltsman
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Limor Regev
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Atan Gross
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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2
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Bahat A, Goldman A, Zaltsman Y, Khan DH, Halperin C, Amzallag E, Krupalnik V, Mullokandov M, Silberman A, Erez A, Schimmer AD, Hanna JH, Gross A. MTCH2-mediated mitochondrial fusion drives exit from naïve pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5132. [PMID: 30510213 PMCID: PMC6277412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondria dynamics and its molecular regulators remains largely unknown during naïve-to-primed pluripotent cell interconversion. Here we report that mitochondrial MTCH2 is a regulator of mitochondrial fusion, essential for the naïve-to-primed interconversion of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). During this interconversion, wild-type ESCs elongate their mitochondria and slightly alter their glutamine utilization. In contrast, MTCH2-/- ESCs fail to elongate their mitochondria and to alter their metabolism, maintaining high levels of histone acetylation and expression of naïve pluripotency markers. Importantly, enforced mitochondria elongation by the pro-fusion protein Mitofusin (MFN) 2 or by a dominant negative form of the pro-fission protein dynamin-related protein (DRP) 1 is sufficient to drive the exit from naïve pluripotency of both MTCH2-/- and wild-type ESCs. Taken together, our data indicate that mitochondria elongation, governed by MTCH2, plays a critical role and constitutes an early driving force in the naïve-to-primed pluripotency interconversion of murine ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Bahat
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andres Goldman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yehudit Zaltsman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dilshad H Khan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Coral Halperin
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Emmanuel Amzallag
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladislav Krupalnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Mullokandov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Silberman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Atan Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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3
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Ruggiero A, Aloni E, Korkotian E, Zaltsman Y, Oni-Biton E, Kuperman Y, Tsoory M, Shachnai L, Levin-Zaidman S, Brenner O, Segal M, Gross A. Loss of forebrain MTCH2 decreases mitochondria motility and calcium handling and impairs hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44401. [PMID: 28276496 PMCID: PMC5343590 DOI: 10.1038/srep44401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Carrier Homolog 2 (MTCH2) is a novel regulator of mitochondria metabolism, which was recently associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Here we demonstrate that deletion of forebrain MTCH2 increases mitochondria and whole-body energy metabolism, increases locomotor activity, but impairs motor coordination and balance. Importantly, mice deficient in forebrain MTCH2 display a deficit in hippocampus-dependent cognitive functions, including spatial memory, long term potentiation (LTP) and rates of spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents. Moreover, MTCH2-deficient hippocampal neurons display a deficit in mitochondria motility and calcium handling. Thus, MTCH2 is a critical player in neuronal cell biology, controlling mitochondria metabolism, motility and calcium buffering to regulate hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ruggiero
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Etay Aloni
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eduard Korkotian
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yehudit Zaltsman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Efrat Oni-Biton
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Kuperman
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Liat Shachnai
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Menahem Segal
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Atan Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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4
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Rottiers V, Francisco A, Platov M, Zaltsman Y, Ruggiero A, Lee SS, Gross A, Libert S. MTCH2 is a conserved regulator of lipid homeostasis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:616-625. [PMID: 28127879 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More than one-third of U.S. adults have obesity, causing an alarming increase in obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. The functional role of mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 (MTCH2), a human obesity-associated gene, in lipid homeostasis was investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans, cell culture, and mice. METHODS In C. elegans, MTCH2/MTCH-1 was depleted, using RNAi and a genetic mutant, and overexpressed to assess its effect on lipid accumulation. In cells and mice, shRNAs against MTCH2 were used for knockdown and MTCH2 overexpression vectors were used for overexpression to study the role of this gene in fat accumulation. RESULTS MTCH2 knockdown reduced lipid accumulation in adipocyte-like cells in vitro and in C. elegans and mice in vivo. MTCH2 overexpression increased fat accumulation in cell culture, C. elegans, and mice. Acute MTCH2 inhibition reduced fat accumulation in animals subjected to a high-fat diet. Finally, MTCH2 influenced estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) activity. CONCLUSIONS MTCH2 is a conserved regulator of lipid homeostasis. MTCH2 was found to be both required and sufficient for lipid homeostasis shifts, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of MTCH2 could be therapeutic for treatment of obesity and related disorders. MTCH2 could influence lipid homeostasis through inhibition of ESR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Rottiers
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Adam Francisco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Michael Platov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yehudit Zaltsman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonella Ruggiero
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Siu Sylvia Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Atan Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergiy Libert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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5
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Buzaglo-Azriel L, Kuperman Y, Tsoory M, Zaltsman Y, Shachnai L, Zaidman SL, Bassat E, Michailovici I, Sarver A, Tzahor E, Haran M, Vernochet C, Gross A. Loss of Muscle MTCH2 Increases Whole-Body Energy Utilization and Protects from Diet-Induced Obesity. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1335-1336. [PMID: 28147285 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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6
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Gross A, Zaltsman Y, Maryanovich M. The ATM-BID pathway plays a critical role in the DNA damage response by regulating mitochondria metabolism. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:182. [PMID: 26611459 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Y Zaltsman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Maryanovich
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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7
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Shamas-Din A, Bindner S, Zhu W, Zaltsman Y, Campbell C, Gross A, Leber B, Andrews DW, Fradin C. tBid undergoes multiple conformational changes at the membrane required for Bax activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22111-27. [PMID: 23744079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bid is a Bcl-2 family protein that promotes apoptosis by activating Bax and eliciting mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Full-length Bid is cleaved in response to apoptotic stimuli into two fragments, p7 and tBid (p15), that are held together by strong hydrophobic interactions until the complex binds to membranes. The detailed mechanism(s) of fragment separation including tBid binding to membranes and release of the p7 fragment to the cytoplasm remain unclear. Using liposomes or isolated mitochondria with fluorescently labeled proteins at physiological concentrations as in vitro models, we report that the two components of the complex quickly separate upon interaction with a membrane. Once tBid binds to the membrane, it undergoes slow structural rearrangements that result in an equilibrium between two major tBid conformations on the membrane. The conformational change of tBid is a prerequisite for interaction with Bax and is, therefore, a novel step that can be modulated to promote or inhibit MOMP. Using automated high-throughput image analysis in cells, we show that down-regulation of Mtch2 causes a significant delay between tBid and Bax relocalization in cells. We propose that by promoting insertion of tBid via a conformational change at the mitochondrial outer membrane, Mtch2 accelerates tBid-mediated Bax activation and MOMP. Thus the interaction of Mtch2 and tBid is a potential target for therapeutic control of Bid initiated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Shamas-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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8
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Sarig R, Zaltsman Y, Marcellus RC, Flavell R, Mak TW, Gross A. BID-D59A is a potent inducer of apoptosis in primary embryonic fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a113.210296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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9
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Sarig R, Zaltsman Y, Marcellus RC, Flavell R, Mak TW, Gross A. BID-D59A is a potent inducer of apoptosis in primary embryonic fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a112.210296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Zaltsman Y, Shachnai L, Yivgi-Ohana N, Schwarz M, Maryanovich M, Houtkooper RH, Vaz FM, De Leonardis F, Fiermonte G, Palmieri F, Gillissen B, Daniel PT, Jimenez E, Walsh S, Koehler CM, Roy SS, Walter L, Hajnóczky G, Gross A. MTCH2/MIMP is a major facilitator of tBID recruitment to mitochondria. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:553-562. [PMID: 20436477 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The BH3-only BID protein (BH3-interacting domain death agonist) has a critical function in the death-receptor pathway in the liver by triggering mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Here we show that MTCH2/MIMP (mitochondrial carrier homologue 2/Met-induced mitochondrial protein), a novel truncated BID (tBID)-interacting protein, is a surface-exposed outer mitochondrial membrane protein that facilitates the recruitment of tBID to mitochondria. Knockout of MTCH2/MIMP in embryonic stem cells and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts hinders the recruitment of tBID to mitochondria, the activation of Bax/Bak, MOMP, and apoptosis. Moreover, conditional knockout of MTCH2/MIMP in the liver decreases the sensitivity of mice to Fas-induced hepatocellular apoptosis and prevents the recruitment of tBID to liver mitochondria both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, MTCH2/MIMP deletion had no effect on apoptosis induced by other pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members and no detectable effect on the outer membrane lipid composition. These loss-of-function models indicate that MTCH2/MIMP has a critical function in liver apoptosis by regulating the recruitment of tBID to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Zaltsman
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liat Shachnai
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Natalie Yivgi-Ohana
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Schwarz
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maria Maryanovich
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Maxime Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Bernhard Gillissen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erin Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Carla M Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Soumya Sinha Roy
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Ludivine Walter
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - György Hajnóczky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Atan Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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11
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Kamer I, Sarig R, Zaltsman Y, Niv H, Oberkovitz G, Regev L, Haimovich G, Lerenthal Y, Marcellus RC, Gross A. Proapoptotic BID Is an ATM Effector in the DNA-Damage Response. Cell 2005; 122:593-603. [PMID: 16122426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The "BH3-only" proapoptotic BCL-2 family members are sentinels of intracellular damage. Here, we demonstrated that the BH3-only BID protein partially localizes to the nucleus in healthy cells, is important for apoptosis induced by DNA damage, and is phosphorylated following induction of double-strand breaks in DNA. We also found that BID phosphorylation is mediated by the ATM kinase and occurs in mouse BID on two ATM consensus sites. Interestingly, BID-/- cells failed to accumulate in the S phase of the cell cycle following treatment with the topoisomerase II poison etoposide; reintroducing wild-type BID restored accumulation. In contrast, introducing a nonphosphorylatable BID mutant did not restore accumulation in the S phase and resulted in an increase in cellular sensitivity to etoposide-induced apoptosis. These results implicate BID as an ATM effector and raise the possibility that proapoptotic BID may also play a prosurvival role important for S phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kamer
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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12
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Grinberg M, Schwarz M, Zaltsman Y, Eini T, Niv H, Pietrokovski S, Gross A. Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 is a target of tBID in cells signaled to die by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4579-90. [PMID: 15899861 PMCID: PMC1140633 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.11.4579-4590.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BID, a proapoptotic BCL-2 family member, plays an essential role in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)/Fas death receptor pathway in vivo. Activation of the TNF-R1 receptor results in the cleavage of BID into truncated BID (tBID), which translocates to the mitochondria and induces the activation of BAX or BAK. In TNF-alpha-activated FL5.12 cells, tBID becomes part of a 45-kDa cross-linkable mitochondrial complex. Here we describe the biochemical purification of this complex and the identification of mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 (Mtch2) as part of this complex. Mtch2 is a conserved protein that is similar to members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. Our studies with mouse liver mitochondria indicate that Mtch2 is an integral membrane protein exposed on the surface of mitochondria. Using blue-native gel electrophoresis we revealed that in viable FL5.12 cells Mtch2 resides in a protein complex of ca. 185 kDa and that the addition of TNF-alpha to these cells leads to the recruitment of tBID and BAX to this complex. Importantly, this recruitment was partially inhibited in FL5.12 cells stably expressing BCL-X(L). These results implicate Mtch2 as a mitochondrial target of tBID and raise the possibility that the Mtch2-resident complex participates in the mitochondrial apoptotic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Grinberg
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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13
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Abstract
The proapoptotic activity of BID seems to solely depend upon its cleavage to truncated tBID. Here we demonstrate that expression of a caspase-8 non-cleavable (nc) BID-D59A mutant or expression of wild type (wt) BID induces apoptosis in Bid -/-, caspase-8 -/-, and wt primary MEFs. Western blot analysis indicated that no cleavage products appeared in cells expressing ncBID. ncBID was as effective as wtBID in inducing cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis. ncBID and wtBID (nc/wtBID) were much less effective than tBID in localizing to mitochondria and in inducing cytochrome c release, but only slightly less effective in inducing apoptosis. Studies with Apaf-1- and caspase-9-deficient primary MEFs indicated that both proteins were essential for nc/wtBID and for tBID-induced apoptosis. Most importantly, expression of non-apoptotic levels of either ncBID or wtBID in Bid -/- MEFs induced a similar and significant enhancement in apoptosis in response to a variety of death signals, which was accompanied by enhanced localization of BID to mitochondria and cytochrome c release. Thus, these results implicate full-length BID as an active player in the mitochondria during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sarig
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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Grinberg M, Sarig R, Zaltsman Y, Frumkin D, Grammatikakis N, Reuveny E, Gross A. tBID Homooligomerizes in the mitochondrial membrane to induce apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:12237-45. [PMID: 11805084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104893200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the tumor necrosis factor R1/Fas receptor results in the cleavage of cytosolic BID to truncated tBID. tBID translocates to the mitochondria to induce the oligomerization of BAX or BAK, resulting in the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c). Here we demonstrate that in tumor necrosis factor alpha-activated FL5.12 cells, tBID becomes part of a 45-kDa cross-linkable mitochondrial complex that does not include BAX or BAK. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis and co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that tBID-tBID interactions occur in the mitochondria of living cells. Cross-linking experiments using a tBID-GST chimera indicated that tBID forms homotrimers in the mitochondrial membrane. To test the functional consequence of tBID oligomerization, we expressed a chimeric FKBP-tBID molecule. Enforced dimerization of FKBP-tBID by the bivalent ligand FK1012 resulted in Cyt c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Surprisingly, enforced dimerization of tBID did not result in the dimerization of either BAX or BAK. Moreover, a tBID BH3 mutant (G94E), which does not interact with or induce the dimerization of either BAX or BAK, formed the 45-kDa complex and induced both Cyt c release and apoptosis. Thus, tBID oligomerization may represent an alternative mechanism for inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Grinberg
- Department of Biological Regulation and Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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15
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Ben-Hur H, Gurevich P, Huszar M, Ben-Arie A, Berman V, Tendler Y, Zinder O, Tchanishev R, Gershon S, Mor G, Zaltsman Y, Kohen F, Zusman I. Apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins (Fas, Fas ligand, Blc-2, p53) in lymphoid elements of human ovarian tumors. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2000; 21:53-7. [PMID: 10726619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Different types of lymphocytes have different roles in tumor suppression. Thus, their expression of apoptosis-related proteins (ARP - Fas and Fas ligand, bcl-2, p53) in lymphocytes and their apoptosis were analyzed immunohistochemically in ovarian tumors of different grades. Ovaries without oncologic disorders had few lymphocytes, mainly T cells, and no ARP. Benign cysts presented features of weak immune reaction: small lymphoid infiltration and few lymphocytes. The ARP were present in 13.7% to 23.5% of the lymphocytes, and apoptosis was rare. In borderline tumors, expansion of lymphoid infiltrates and increased density of lymphocytes resulted in a tenfold rise in total lymphocytes, reflecting intensification of the immune response. Most lymphocytes were T cells (92%) predominated by CD8+ cells that were in direct contact with tumor epithelial cells. ARP species were found in 47% to 65% of the lymphocytes, and apoptosis in 2.2%. In carcinomas with ligh lymphoid infiltration, lymphocytes were 2.5 times more abundant, and the apoptotic index as well as the number of CD20+ and CD25+ lymphocytes rose sharply, whereas bcl-2 positive lymphocytes decreased to 8% of their number in borderline tumors. In carcinomas with low lymphoid infiltration, the total lymphocyte count decreased eightfold compared to carcinomas with high lymphoid infiltration, reflecting the deep subcompensation of the lymphoid system. Few p53-positive lymphocytes were found in the carcinomas. In conclusion, we found a positive correlation between apoptosis and the numbers of CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes in epithelial ovarian tumors. This correlation could reflect the antitumor activity of T cells. However, the high expression of ARP studied by immune cells at the vicinity of the tumor ARP reveals the lymphoid vulnerability to apoptosis, resulting in devastation of the lymphoid tissue, and consequently in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ben-Hur
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
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Ben-Hur H, Gurevich P, Huszar M, Ben-Arie A, Berman V, Tendler Y, Tchanishev R, Zinder O, Mor G, Zaltsman Y, Kohen F, Zusman I. Apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins in the epithelium of human ovarian tumors: immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 1999; 20:249-53. [PMID: 10475115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of malignant ovarian tumors is the subject of considerable controversy, which may be resolved by elucidation of molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Therefore we have undertaken the study of apoptosis in these tumors. METHODS Apoptosis and the expression of its related proteins, Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), bcl-2 and p53, in epithelial cells of human ovarian tumors of different histological grades, were determined immunohistochemically and morphometrically. RESULTS Apoptosis-related proteins were absent from ovarian epithelia of patients afflicted with non-cancerous diseases. In ovarian tumors, the distribution of individual proteins varied, and depended on the grade and type of tumor. Fas and FasL were highly expressed in all tumors, while epithelial cells expressing bcl-2 were abundant in benign tumors, but their numbers significantly dwindled with the progression of malignancy. Cells expressing p53 were found in borderline tumors, and their numbers increased with malignancy, inverse of bcl-2 expression. Apoptotic tumor cells were scarce in borderline tumors and abundant in carcinomas. Grouping apoptosis was found in approximately 60% of the carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS The initial development of ovarian tumors is accompanied by high epithelial expression of Fas, FasL and bcl-2 proteins, while apoptosis and p53 proteins are detected only at later stages of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ben-Hur
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
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Zaltsman Y, Yulevich L. [A new method of treating encopresis]. Harefuah 1991; 121:156-9. [PMID: 1937249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The treatment program described was designed to establish regular, normal toilet habits in children suffering from disturbances of defecation, including chronic constipation, frequent soiling and refusal to sit on the toilet. 17 children, aged 2.5-6 years were referred during 1988. 1 had a prolapsed rectum while the other 16 had no physiological anomaly but exhibited general negativism in addition to their bowel problems. They were treated with operant conditioning techniques combined with the use of glycerine suppositories. The use of suppositories lasted an average of 1 week (range 1-35 days). The suppositories served as a discriminative stimulus for defecation, ensured daily rectal evacuation under controlled conditions, and allowed the therapist to control timing of bowel movements. Control of timing is necessary so that the therapist can correct dysfunctional defecation directly by shaping and positively reinforcing appropriate toilet behavior, and by eliminating fearful and oppositional responses. Treatment was successful in all and there were no relapses. For most of the children there was also general behavioral improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zaltsman
- Children's Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Center, Israel Ministry of Health, Beer Sheba
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