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Castillo Y, Delgadillo NA, Neuta Y, Iniesta M, Sanz M, Herrera D, Pianeta R, Lafaurie GI, Castillo DM. Design and validation of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction test for the identification and quantification of uncultivable bacteria associated with periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 154:105758. [PMID: 37419062 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to standardize a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based test to identify and quantify the uncultivable bacteria associated with periodontitis. METHODS The standardization of qPCR, the curves for the quantification of Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy, Desulfobulbus oralis, and Filifactor alocis were developed by cloning the 16 S rRNA target gene fragment, using the GEMTEasy vector. The qPCRs were validated in 55 subgingival biofilm clinical samples, from different stages of periodontitis and from periodontally healthy/gingivitis individuals, which were previously evaluated by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The results obtained by the two methods were compared by the concordance of Cohen's Kappa index, and sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and predictive values were established. RESULTS obtained by the two methods were compared using the concordance of Cohen's Kappa index, and sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and ROC curves were generated. The qPCR test was standardized with efficiencies between 90% and 100% and R2: 0.997-0.999. Concordance between the qPCR and NSG was moderate to F. alocis (agreement 78.2%; kappa 0.56, p < 0.05) and fair to the other microorganisms (agreement 67.27%-72.73; kappa 0.37-0.38, p < 0.05). qPCR exhibited a high sensitivity (82.2-100%) and specificity (100%) for E. brachy, E. saphenum, and F. alocis. Sensitivity was lower to D. oralis. Conversely, qPCR demonstrated higher sensitivity to E. saphenum than NSG (100 vs. 68.1). CONCLUSIONS The uncultivable microorganisms associated with periodontitis, D. oralis, E. brachy, E. saphenum, and F. alocis can be detected and quantified with the newly developed and validates qPCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yormaris Castillo
- Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nathaly Andrea Delgadillo
- Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yineth Neuta
- Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Margarita Iniesta
- Complutense University of Madrid, ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- Complutense University of Madrid, ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- Complutense University of Madrid, ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roquelina Pianeta
- Complutense University of Madrid, ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, Madrid, Spain; Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, School of Dentistry, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Plata JC, Díaz-Báez D, Delgadillo NA, Castillo DM, Castillo Y, Hurtado CP, Neuta Y, Calderón JL, Lafaurie GI. Hypochlorous Acid as a Potential Postsurgical Antimicrobial Agent in Periodontitis: A Randomized, Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1311. [PMID: 37627732 PMCID: PMC10451621 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an antimicrobial agent with high affinity to Gram-negative bacteria of the subgingival biofilm. It could have an equivalent or no inferiority effect to chlorhexidine (CHX) to avoid recolonization of these microorganisms after the post-surgical period. OBJECTIVE The objective is to compare the reduction of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD), gain of clinical attachment level (CAL), and bacterial recolonization of periodontopathic microorganisms in subgingival biofilm at 7, 21, and 90 days after Open Flap Debridement (OFD) under two antimicrobial protocols: (A) HOCl 0.05% followed by HOCl 0.025% and (B) CHX 0.2%/CHX 0.12% used per 21 days without regular oral hygiene during the post-surgical period. MATERIAL AND METHODS A no-inferiority randomized controlled trial was carried out. Thirty-two patients were randomly divided to receive each antiplaque protocol after OFD in patients with periodontitis. Clinical indexes and bacterial recolonization were assessed using qPCR for up to 90 days. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, mixed effects models adjusted for treatment, time, and the Chi-squared/Fisher test. A no-inferiority analysis was also performed using the Hodges-Lehmann hypothesis test for non-inferiority. RESULTS HOCl was not inferior to CHX in reducing PI. Both groups showed a comparable reduction of recolonization for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Eubacterium nodatum. However, the HOCl protocol was non-inferior to the CHX protocol for Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomicetemcomitans. CONCLUSIONS HOCl improved periodontal healing. HOCl showed an impact in reducing the recolonization of periodontopathic bacteria in the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Plata
- Master’s Program in Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia;
- School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga P.O. Box 680001, Colombia;
| | - David Díaz-Báez
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia; (D.D.-B.); (N.A.D.); (D.M.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.N.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Nathaly Andrea Delgadillo
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia; (D.D.-B.); (N.A.D.); (D.M.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.N.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia; (D.D.-B.); (N.A.D.); (D.M.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.N.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Yormaris Castillo
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia; (D.D.-B.); (N.A.D.); (D.M.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.N.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Claudia Patricia Hurtado
- School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga P.O. Box 680001, Colombia;
| | - Yineth Neuta
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia; (D.D.-B.); (N.A.D.); (D.M.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.N.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Justo Leonardo Calderón
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia; (D.D.-B.); (N.A.D.); (D.M.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.N.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá P.O. Box 110121, Colombia; (D.D.-B.); (N.A.D.); (D.M.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.N.); (J.L.C.)
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Lafaurie GI, Castillo DM, Iniesta M, Sanz M, Gómez LA, Castillo Y, Pianeta R, Delgadillo NA, Neuta Y, Diaz-Báez D, Herrera D. Differential analysis of culturable and unculturable subgingival target microorganisms according to the stages of periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:3029-3043. [PMID: 36806930 PMCID: PMC10264511 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Culturable and unculturable microorganisms have been associated with periodontitis. Their differential proportions and composition have not been evaluated by their severity and complexity defined by stages in the 2018 AAP-EEP classification. METHODS One hundred eighty subgingival biofilm samples were collected in Spain and Colombia from subjects categorized as health/gingivitis: periodontitis stages I/II periodontitis stages III/IV. Target culturable microorganisms (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Eubacterium nodatum) and target unculturable microorganisms (Filifactor alocis, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy, Desulfobulbus oralis) were evaluated by quantitative PCR analysis. In addition, their differences and association with periodontal status were analyzed by ANCOVA and logistic regression models once adjusted to age, current smoking, and country. RESULTS P. gingivalis was significantly associated with periodontitis stages I/II, OR 2.44 (CI 95% 1.08-5.47) and stages III/V, OR 6.43 (CI 95% 2.43-16.9). T forsythia, OR 7.53 (CI 95% 2.07-27.4); D. oralis, OR 5.99 (CI 95% 2.71-13.23); F. alocis, OR 10.9 (CI 95% 4.56-23.2); E. brachy, 3.57 (CI 95% 1.40-9.11); and E. saphenum, 4.85 (CI 95% 1.99-11.7) were significantly associated only with stages III/IV periodontitis. P. gingivalis evidenced significant differences with the increase in the severity of the periodontal lesion: 2.97 colony forming unit (CFU)/μL (CI 95% 2.32-3.54) health/gingivitis, and 4.66 CFU/μL (CI 95% 4.03-5.30) and 5.90 CFU/μL (CI 95% 5.20-6.48) in stages I/II and III/IV respectively (p < 0.0001). Unculturable microorganisms only evidenced differences in concentration in stages III/IV compared with health-gingivitis (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Culturable and unculturable are strongly associated with stages III/IV periodontitis. Classic culturable microorganisms are more sensitive to differentiate between stages of periodontitis in the quantitative analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Future interventional studies of periodontal disease should include Filifactor alocis, Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium brachy, and Desulfobulbus oralis as possible markers of therapy response and as indicators of progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Ak. 9 #13, 1a-20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Ak. 9 #13, 1a-20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Margarita Iniesta
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz Amparo Gómez
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Ak. 9 #13, 1a-20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yormaris Castillo
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Ak. 9 #13, 1a-20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Roquelina Pianeta
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- School of Dentistry, Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Nathaly Andrea Delgadillo
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Ak. 9 #13, 1a-20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yineth Neuta
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Ak. 9 #13, 1a-20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Diaz-Báez
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Ak. 9 #13, 1a-20 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, School of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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Castillo Y, Delgadillo NA, Neuta Y, Hernández A, Acevedo T, Cárdenas E, Montaño A, Lafaurie GI, Castillo DM. Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance Genes in Oral Clinical Isolates of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Prevotella melaninogenica. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070888. [PMID: 35884141 PMCID: PMC9312306 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Prevotella genus is a normal constituent of the oral microbiota, and is commonly isolated from mechanically treated polymicrobial infections. However, antibiotic treatment is necessary for some patients. This study compared the antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of resistance genes in clinical oral isolates of P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, and P. melaninogenica. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the agar dilution method. PCR confirmed the species and resistance gene frequency in the Prevotella species. The frequencies of species P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, and P. melaninogenica were 30.2%, 45.7%, and 24.1%, respectively. No isolates of P. intermedia were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, tetracycline, or clindamycin. P. nigrescens and P. melaninogenica were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and tetracycline at frequencies of 40% and 20%, respectively. P. intermedia was resistant to metronidazole at a frequency of 30%, P. nigrescens at 20%, and P. melaninogenica at 40%. P. nigrescens and P. melaninogenica were resistant to 50% and 10% clindamycin, respectively. The gene most frequently detected was tetQ, at 43.3%, followed by tetM at 36.6%, blaTEM at 26.6%, ermF at 20%, cfxA, cfxA2, and nimAB at 16.6%, and nimAEFI at 3.3%. P. nigrescens was the species with the highest resistance to antibiotics such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, and clindamycin, in addition to being the species with the largest number of genes compared to P. intermedia and P. melaninogenica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yormaris Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nathaly Andrea Delgadillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yineth Neuta
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Hernández
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tania Acevedo
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edwin Cárdenas
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Montaño
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia
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Montenegro DA, Borda LF, Neuta Y, Gómez LA, Castillo DM, Loyo D, Lafaurie GI. Oral and uro-vaginal intra-amniotic infection in women with preterm delivery: A case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12396. [PMID: 30663264 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to establish the association between the presence of oral and uro-vaginal microorganisms in the placental membrane and preterm delivery (PTD), the premature rupture of membranes (PRM), and the clinical signs of intra-amniotic infection. METHODS Eighty-four women with PTD and 127 women with delivery at term were assessed for the PRM, clinical signs of intra-amniotic infection, and the presence of periodontitis. Twenty-seven microorganisms were identified in the placental tissue using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was quantified by droplet digital PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of microorganisms was 9.47% (20/211). P. gingivalis was the most prevalent (12/211, 5.68%). Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Staphylococcus spp, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were isolated at a very low frequency in the placenta. Candida albicans was associated with PTD (P = 0.027). Periodontitis was associated with clinical signs of infection (odds ratio [OR] = 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-13.5) and with PTD (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.07-3.72). CONCLUSION The presence of P. gingivalis in the placenta was not associated with perinatal complications. Detecting microorganisms in the placenta by nested PCR is not relevant, as it has a poor association with clinical variables that establish the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. However, periodontitis was associated with the clinical signs of intra-amniotic infection and PTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Montenegro
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Hospital Simón Bolivar, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis F Borda
- School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yineth Neuta
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz A Gómez
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana M Castillo
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela Loyo
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gloria I Lafaurie
- Unit of Oral Basic Investigation-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
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Castillo DM, Castillo Y, Delgadillo NA, Neuta Y, Jola J, Calderón JL, Lafaurie GI. Viability and Effects on Bacterial Proteins by Oral Rinses with Hypochlorous Acid as Active Ingredient. Braz Dent J 2015; 26:519-24. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201300388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) rinses and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bacterial viability of S. mutans, A. israelii, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. corrodens, C. rectus, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae. The percentage of live bacteria was tested by fluorescence method using Live/Dead kit(r) and BacLight (Molecular Probes(r)) and compared between groups by the Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction (p value<0.012). The effect of HOCl and CHX on total proteins of P. gingivalis and S. mutans was determined by SDS-PAGE. CHX showed a higher efficacy than HOCl against S. mutans, A. israelii, E. corrodens and E. cloacae (p<0.001) while HOCl was more effective than CHX against P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. rectus and K. oxytoca (p=0.001). CHX and HOCl had similar efficacy against K. pneumoniae. Proteins of P. gingivalis and S. mutans were affected similarly by HOCl and CHX. HOCl reduced the bacterial viability especially in periodontopathic bacteria, which may support its use in the control of subgingival biofilm in periodontal patients.
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