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Kwak M, Mah YJ. Comparison of characteristics of kick- and electric-scooter-related dental and maxillofacial injuries: A retrospective study. Dent Traumatol 2023; 39:565-574. [PMID: 37530064 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Owing to the nearly three-year-long COVID-19 pandemic, small personal transportation devices that allow for greater freedom of movement within the cities have gained attention. Therefore, the number of people using kick or electric scooters has increased. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of kick and electric scooter-related dental and maxillofacial trauma and provide helpful information for preventing scooter accidents, appropriate treatment of patients with scooter-related trauma, and policy establishment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective observational study analysed the medical records of 310 patients who visited the emergency room of Ajou University Dental Hospital for kick and electric scooter-related oral and maxillofacial injuries between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2022. Sex, age, scooter type, time, and mechanism of the accident, helmet use, alcohol consumption, dental and maxillofacial injury types, and treatment were analysed. RESULTS The average age in the kick-scooter group (5.71 ± 4.25) was lower than that in the electric-scooter group (28.24 ± 10.02) (p < .0001). There were more males in both groups. The helmet usage rates of the two groups were 2.80% and 7.88%, respectively. In the kick-scooter group, periodontal damage was more common than pulp injury, while in the electric-scooter group, pulp injury was more common than periodontal injury. There was no significant difference in soft-tissue damage between the two groups; however, bone fractures occurred significantly more frequently in the electric-scooter group (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Electric scooters cause more crown and bone fractures than kick scooters and require more active treatment of dental and maxillofacial injuries. Riders should use protective equipment to prevent dental and maxillofacial injury. Although there are regulations related to scooters, the effectiveness of both kick- and electric-scooter related laws needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Kwak
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon-Joo Mah
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Mah YJ, Song JS, Kim SO, Lee JH, Jeon M, Jung UW, Moon SJ, Kim JH, Choi HJ. The effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on human alveolar bone cells both in vitro and in vivo. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:539-49. [PMID: 24637009 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin in green tea, on human and mouse osteoblasts remain controversial. This study investigated the direct effects of EGCG on human alveolar bone-derived cells (hABCs) both in vitro and in vivo. DESIGN hABCs which were collected from eight children (aged 7-9 years, seven males and one female) were treated with EGCG at various concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25, and 50μM), and a proliferation assay, flow cytometric analysis for apoptosis evaluation, migration assay, and in vitro osteogenic differentiation were performed. hABCs that were pretreated with 10μM EGCG and mixed with calcium phosphate carrier combined with EGCG (0.1, 0.5, or 1.5mg) in vivo were transplanted into immunodeficient mouse. Histological staining, quantitative gene expressions, and alkaline phosphatase activity were evaluated in the retrieved transplants. RESULTS The proliferation and migration were decreased when EGCG was present at over 25μM. The osteogenic differentiation increased slightly when EGCG was present at up to 10μM, and clearly decreased for higher concentrations of EGCG. In vivo, the potential for hard-tissue formation was slightly higher for the group with 0.1mg of EGCG than for the control group, and decreased sharply for higher concentrations of EGCG. CONCLUSION The present observations suggest that EGCG at a low concentration can slightly enhance the osteogenic effect in vivo, whereas at a higher concentration it can prevent the osteogenic differentiation of hABCs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon-Joo Mah
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Seon Song
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Oh Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijeong Jeon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui-Won Jung
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Division in Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung-Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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