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Kwong KWY, Xin Y, Lai NCY, Sung JCC, Wu KC, Hamied YK, Sze ETP, Lam DMK. Oral Vaccines: A Better Future of Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1232. [PMID: 37515047 PMCID: PMC10383709 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines are gaining more attention due to their ease of administration, lower invasiveness, generally greater safety, and lower cost than injectable vaccines. This review introduces certified oral vaccines for adenovirus, recombinant protein-based, and transgenic plant-based oral vaccines, and their mechanisms for inducing an immune response. Procedures for regulatory approval and clinical trials of injectable and oral vaccines are also covered. Challenges such as instability and reduced efficacy in low-income countries associated with oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments, such as Bacillus-subtilis-based and nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Wai-Yeung Kwong
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson Cheuk-Yin Lai
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny Chun-Chau Sung
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Chau Wu
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Eric Tung-Po Sze
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dominic Man-Kit Lam
- DrD Novel Vaccines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Torsten Wiesel International Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Sung JCC, Lai NCY, Wu KC, Choi MC, Ma CHY, Lin J, Kuok CN, Leong WL, Lam WK, Hamied YK, Lam DMK, Sze ETP, Kwong KWY. Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Bacillus subtilis Spores as a Heterologous Antibody Booster for COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071014. [PMID: 35891178 PMCID: PMC9322707 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have threatened the world for more than 2 years. Multiple vaccine candidates have been developed and approved for emergency use by specific markets, but multiple doses are required to maintain the antibody level. Preliminary safety and immunogenicity data about an oral dose vaccine candidate using recombinant Bacillus subtilis in healthy adults were reported previously from an investigator-initiated trial in Hong Kong. Additional data are required in order to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the candidate as a heterologous booster in vaccinated recipients. In an ongoing, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, fixed dose, investigator-initiated trial conducted in the Macau, we randomly assigned healthy adults, 21 to 62 years of age to receive either placebo or a Bacillus subtilis oral dose vaccine candidate, which expressed the spike protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 on the spore surface. The primary outcome was safety (e.g., local and systemic reactions and adverse events); immunogenicity was a secondary outcome. For both the active vaccine and placebo, participants received three courses in three consecutive days. A total of 16 participants underwent randomization: 9 participants received vaccine and 7 received placebo. No observable local or systemic side-effect was reported. In both younger and older adults receiving placebo, the neutralizing antibody levels were gradually declining, whereas the participants receiving the antibody booster showed an increase in neutralizing antibody level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Chun-Chau Sung
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.-C.S.); (N.C.-Y.L.); (K.-C.W.); (M.-C.C.); (C.H.-Y.M.); (J.L.)
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Meserna Therapeutic (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- L&L Immunotherapy Company Limited, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Nelson Cheuk-Yin Lai
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.-C.S.); (N.C.-Y.L.); (K.-C.W.); (M.-C.C.); (C.H.-Y.M.); (J.L.)
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Meserna Therapeutic (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- L&L Immunotherapy Company Limited, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kam-Chau Wu
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.-C.S.); (N.C.-Y.L.); (K.-C.W.); (M.-C.C.); (C.H.-Y.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Man-Chung Choi
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.-C.S.); (N.C.-Y.L.); (K.-C.W.); (M.-C.C.); (C.H.-Y.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Chloe Ho-Yi Ma
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.-C.S.); (N.C.-Y.L.); (K.-C.W.); (M.-C.C.); (C.H.-Y.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jayman Lin
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.-C.S.); (N.C.-Y.L.); (K.-C.W.); (M.-C.C.); (C.H.-Y.M.); (J.L.)
- L&L Immunotherapy Company Limited, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Cheong-Nang Kuok
- Macao Greater Bay Area Association of Healthcare Providers, Macau 999078, China; (C.-N.K.); (W.-L.L.); (W.-K.L.)
| | - Wai-Leng Leong
- Macao Greater Bay Area Association of Healthcare Providers, Macau 999078, China; (C.-N.K.); (W.-L.L.); (W.-K.L.)
| | - Weng-Kei Lam
- Macao Greater Bay Area Association of Healthcare Providers, Macau 999078, China; (C.-N.K.); (W.-L.L.); (W.-K.L.)
| | | | - Dominic Man-Kit Lam
- L&L Immunotherapy Company Limited, Hong Kong, China;
- Torsten Wiesel International Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Eric Tung-Po Sze
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Keith Wai-Yeung Kwong
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.-C.S.); (N.C.-Y.L.); (K.-C.W.); (M.-C.C.); (C.H.-Y.M.); (J.L.)
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Meserna Therapeutic (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- L&L Immunotherapy Company Limited, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-370-52355
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Puri CP, Vajifdar BS, Nayak VG, Dhanasekaran K, Pongubala JM, Hamied YK, Anand Kumar TC. Pharmacokinetics of norethisterone following its oral administration and by spraying it nasally or sublingually to male bonnet monkeys. Contraception 1987; 35:381-8. [PMID: 3621938 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(87)90074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic parameters of norethisterone (NET) were studied in eight adult male bonnet monkeys following the administration of a single dose of 300 ug. The animals were crossed over between the following three routes of administration: oral ingestion, nasal and sublingual spraying. The results indicate that NET was readily absorbed by all three routes but the Cmax and AUC of NET were significantly greater by the sublingual route. No significant difference in the t 1/2 alpha or t 1/2 beta was observed between the three routes. These findings suggest that the sublingual route offers the possibility of reducing the effective dose of NET, which is widely used for contraceptive purposes.
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