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Meir Y, Tzach Y, Hodassman S, Tevet O, Kanter I. Towards a universal mechanism for successful deep learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5881. [PMID: 38467786 PMCID: PMC10928127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the underlying mechanism for successful deep learning (DL) was presented based on a quantitative method that measures the quality of a single filter in each layer of a DL model, particularly VGG-16 trained on CIFAR-10. This method exemplifies that each filter identifies small clusters of possible output labels, with additional noise selected as labels outside the clusters. This feature is progressively sharpened with each layer, resulting in an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which leads to an increase in the accuracy of the DL network. In this study, this mechanism is verified for VGG-16 and EfficientNet-B0 trained on the CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets, and the main results are as follows. First, the accuracy and SNR progressively increase with the layers. Second, for a given deep architecture, the maximal error rate increases approximately linearly with the number of output labels. Third, similar trends were obtained for dataset labels in the range [3, 1000], thus supporting the universality of this mechanism. Understanding the performance of a single filter and its dominating features paves the way to highly dilute the deep architecture without affecting its overall accuracy, and this can be achieved by applying the filter's cluster connections (AFCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Meir
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yarden Tzach
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shiri Hodassman
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofek Tevet
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ido Kanter
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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2
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Piquard C, Glidic P, Han C, Aassime A, Cavanna A, Gennser U, Meir Y, Sela E, Anthore A, Pierre F. Observing the universal screening of a Kondo impurity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7263. [PMID: 37945575 PMCID: PMC10636148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kondo effect, deriving from a local magnetic impurity mediating electron-electron interactions, constitutes a flourishing basis for understanding a large variety of intricate many-body problems. Its experimental implementation in tunable circuits has made possible important advances through well-controlled investigations. However, these have mostly concerned transport properties, whereas thermodynamic observations - notably the fundamental measurement of the spin of the Kondo impurity - remain elusive in test-bed circuits. Here, with a novel combination of a 'charge' Kondo circuit with a charge sensor, we directly observe the state of the impurity and its progressive screening. We establish the universal renormalization flow from a single free spin to a screened singlet, the associated reduction in the magnetization, and the relationship between scaling Kondo temperature and microscopic parameters. In our device, a Kondo pseudospin is realized by two degenerate charge states of a metallic island, which we measure with a non-invasive, capacitively coupled charge sensor. Such pseudospin probe of an engineered Kondo system opens the way to the thermodynamic investigation of many exotic quantum states, including the clear observation of Majorana zero modes through their fractional entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Piquard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - P Glidic
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - C Han
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - A Aassime
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Cavanna
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - U Gennser
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Y Meir
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - E Sela
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - A Anthore
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, F-91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - F Pierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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Meir Y, Tzach Y, Gross RD, Tevet O, Vardi R, Kanter I. Enhancing the accuracies by performing pooling decisions adjacent to the output layer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13385. [PMID: 37652973 PMCID: PMC10471572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning classification tasks of [Formula: see text] inputs typically consist of [Formula: see text]) max-pooling (MP) operators along the entire feedforward deep architecture. Here we show, using the CIFAR-10 database, that pooling decisions adjacent to the last convolutional layer significantly enhance accuracies. In particular, average accuracies of the advanced-VGG with [Formula: see text] layers (A-VGGm) architectures are 0.936, 0.940, 0.954, 0.955, and 0.955 for m = 6, 8, 14, 13, and 16, respectively. The results indicate A-VGG8's accuracy is superior to VGG16's, and that the accuracies of A-VGG13 and A-VGG16 are equal, and comparable to that of Wide-ResNet16. In addition, replacing the three fully connected (FC) layers with one FC layer, A-VGG6 and A-VGG14, or with several linear activation FC layers, yielded similar accuracies. These significantly enhanced accuracies stem from training the most influential input-output routes, in comparison to the inferior routes selected following multiple MP decisions along the deep architecture. In addition, accuracies are sensitive to the order of the non-commutative MP and average pooling operators adjacent to the output layer, varying the number and location of training routes. The results call for the reexamination of previously proposed deep architectures and their accuracies by utilizing the proposed pooling strategy adjacent to the output layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Meir
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yarden Tzach
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronit D Gross
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ofek Tevet
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Roni Vardi
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ido Kanter
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Meir Y, Tevet O, Tzach Y, Hodassman S, Gross RD, Kanter I. Efficient shallow learning as an alternative to deep learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5423. [PMID: 37080998 PMCID: PMC10119101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The realization of complex classification tasks requires training of deep learning (DL) architectures consisting of tens or even hundreds of convolutional and fully connected hidden layers, which is far from the reality of the human brain. According to the DL rationale, the first convolutional layer reveals localized patterns in the input and large-scale patterns in the following layers, until it reliably characterizes a class of inputs. Here, we demonstrate that with a fixed ratio between the depths of the first and second convolutional layers, the error rates of the generalized shallow LeNet architecture, consisting of only five layers, decay as a power law with the number of filters in the first convolutional layer. The extrapolation of this power law indicates that the generalized LeNet can achieve small error rates that were previously obtained for the CIFAR-10 database using DL architectures. A power law with a similar exponent also characterizes the generalized VGG-16 architecture. However, this results in a significantly increased number of operations required to achieve a given error rate with respect to LeNet. This power law phenomenon governs various generalized LeNet and VGG-16 architectures, hinting at its universal behavior and suggesting a quantitative hierarchical time-space complexity among machine learning architectures. Additionally, the conservation law along the convolutional layers, which is the square-root of their size times their depth, is found to asymptotically minimize error rates. The efficient shallow learning that is demonstrated in this study calls for further quantitative examination using various databases and architectures and its accelerated implementation using future dedicated hardware developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Meir
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofek Tevet
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yarden Tzach
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shiri Hodassman
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ronit D Gross
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ido Kanter
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Segal S, Mikulincer M, Hershkovitz L, Meir Y, Nagar T, Maaravi Y. A Secure Base for Entrepreneurship: Attachment Orientations and Entrepreneurial Tendencies. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13010061. [PMID: 36661633 PMCID: PMC9854824 DOI: 10.3390/bs13010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Entrepreneurship catalyzes economic growth; it generates jobs, advances the economy and solves global challenges. Hence, it is crucial to understand the factors contributing to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs' development. While many studies have investigated intrapersonal factors for entrepreneurial tendencies, the present study focuses on a critical yet often overlooked interpersonal aspect: attachment orientations. Specifically, this article examines the relationship between adult attachment orientations and entrepreneurial tendencies. Three studies across three countries (Israel, the UK, and Singapore) indicated that an anxious attachment orientation in close relationships is negatively associated with enterprising tendencies. In Israel (Study 1) and Singapore (Study 2), avoidant attachment in close relationships was also negatively correlated to such tendencies. Overall, the more people feel secure in close relationships (lower scores on attachment anxiety or avoidance), the higher their enterprising tendencies. Limitations and future research suggestions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Segal
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Mario Mikulincer
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Lihi Hershkovitz
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Yuval Meir
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Tamir Nagar
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Yossi Maaravi
- Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Hodassman S, Meir Y, Kisos K, Ben-Noam I, Tugendhaft Y, Goldental A, Vardi R, Kanter I. Brain inspired neuronal silencing mechanism to enable reliable sequence identification. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16003. [PMID: 36175466 PMCID: PMC9523036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time sequence identification is a core use-case of artificial neural networks (ANNs), ranging from recognizing temporal events to identifying verification codes. Existing methods apply recurrent neural networks, which suffer from training difficulties; however, performing this function without feedback loops remains a challenge. Here, we present an experimental neuronal long-term plasticity mechanism for high-precision feedforward sequence identification networks (ID-nets) without feedback loops, wherein input objects have a given order and timing. This mechanism temporarily silences neurons following their recent spiking activity. Therefore, transitory objects act on different dynamically created feedforward sub-networks. ID-nets are demonstrated to reliably identify 10 handwritten digit sequences, and are generalized to deep convolutional ANNs with continuous activation nodes trained on image sequences. Counterintuitively, their classification performance, even with a limited number of training examples, is high for sequences but low for individual objects. ID-nets are also implemented for writer-dependent recognition, and suggested as a cryptographic tool for encrypted authentication. The presented mechanism opens new horizons for advanced ANN algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Hodassman
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yuval Meir
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Karin Kisos
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Itamar Ben-Noam
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Tugendhaft
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amir Goldental
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Roni Vardi
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ido Kanter
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel. .,Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Lev-Cohain N, Sosna J, Meir Y, Dar G, Shussman N, Leichter I, Caplan N, Goldberg SN. Dual energy CT in acute appendicitis: value of low mono-energy. Clin Imaging 2021; 77:213-218. [PMID: 33992882 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the potential role of low monoenergetic images in the evaluation of acute appendicitis. METHODS A retrospective study of 42 patients with pathology proven acute appendicitis underwent contrast-enhanced-CT conducted on a single-source-DECT before surgery. Attenuation, SNR, and CNR were calculated on both monoenergetic and conventional images and compared to 24 abdominal CT-scans with normal appendix. Representative conventional and monoenergetic images were randomized and presented side-by-side to three abdominal radiologists to determine preferred images for detecting inflammation. Additionally, six individual acute inflammatory characteristics were graded on a 1-5 scale to determine factors contributing to differences between conventional and monoenergetic images by 2 abdominal radiologists. Paired t-tests, Wilcoxon and McNemar tests, and intra-observer error statistics were performed. RESULTS For the inflamed appendixes monoenergetic images had overall increased attenuation (average ratio 1.7; P < 0.05), signal-to-noise-ratio (6.7 ± 3.1 vs 4.2 ± 1.6; P < 0.001) and contrast-to-noise-ratio (12.1 ± 3 vs 9 ± 2.1; P < 0.001). Moreover, this increase was not found in normal appendixes (P < 0.001 vs p = 0.28-0.44). Subjectively, radiologists showed significant preferences towards monoenergetic images (P < 0.001), with inter-reader agreement of 0.84. Two parameters, diffuse bowel wall and mucosal enhancement, received significantly higher scores on monoenergetic images (average 4.3 vs. 3.0; P < 0.001 and 2.8 vs. 2.3 P < 0.03 respectively, with interobserver agreements of 62% and 52%). CONCLUSION Increased bowel wall conspicuity from enhanced attenuation, SNR, and CNR on low monenergetic CT images results in a significant preference by radiologists for these images when assessing acute inflamed appendixes. Thus, close inspection of low monoenergetic images may improve the visualization of acute inflammatory bowel processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lev-Cohain
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yuval Meir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Gili Dar
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Noam Shussman
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Isaac Leichter
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nadia Caplan
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - S Nahum Goldberg
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Sardi S, Vardi R, Meir Y, Tugendhaft Y, Hodassman S, Goldental A, Kanter I. Brain experiments imply adaptation mechanisms which outperform common AI learning algorithms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6923. [PMID: 32327697 PMCID: PMC7181840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempting to imitate the brain's functionalities, researchers have bridged between neuroscience and artificial intelligence for decades; however, experimental neuroscience has not directly advanced the field of machine learning (ML). Here, using neuronal cultures, we demonstrate that increased training frequency accelerates the neuronal adaptation processes. This mechanism was implemented on artificial neural networks, where a local learning step-size increases for coherent consecutive learning steps, and tested on a simple dataset of handwritten digits, MNIST. Based on our on-line learning results with a few handwriting examples, success rates for brain-inspired algorithms substantially outperform the commonly used ML algorithms. We speculate this emerging bridge from slow brain function to ML will promote ultrafast decision making under limited examples, which is the reality in many aspects of human activity, robotic control, and network optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Sardi
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Roni Vardi
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center and the Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Yuval Meir
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Yael Tugendhaft
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Shiri Hodassman
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Amir Goldental
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Ido Kanter
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center and the Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
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Soyfer V, Corn B, Meir Y, Honig N, Shtraus N. EP-1674: Should VMAT be routinely applied to treat sacral bone metastases? Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)32925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Conduit GJ, Meir Y. Comment on "Magnetic-field-tuned quantum phase transition in the insulating regime of ultrathin amorphous Bi films". Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:159701-159702. [PMID: 22587293 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.159701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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11
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Mitchell J, Jerby E, Shamir Y, Meir Y, Le Garrec J, Sztucki M. Rapid internal bubble formation in a microwave heated polymer observed in real-time by X-ray scattering. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Shtraus N, Meir Y, Schifter D, Corn B, Soyfer S. SU-E-E-15: Combined IMRT and 3D Plan Improves Results of Lung Exposure in Radiation Treatment of Lung Cancer Patinets. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3611568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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13
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Kravchuk T, Reznikov M, Tichonov P, Avidor N, Meir Y, Bekkerman A, Alexandrowicz G. A Magnetically Focused Molecular Beam of Ortho-Water. Science 2011; 331:319-21. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1200433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kravchuk
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - M. Reznikov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - P. Tichonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - N. Avidor
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Y. Meir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - A. Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - G. Alexandrowicz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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14
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Meir Y, Schifter D, Shtraus N. SU-GG-I-135: Assessment of the Correlation between Daily Set-Up Patient Positioning Correction Values of an On-Board KV Imaging System and the Radiation Technologist Rank. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3468169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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15
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Leturcq R, Schmid L, Ensslin K, Meir Y, Driscoll DC, Gossard AC. Probing the Kondo density of states in a three-terminal quantum ring. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:126603. [PMID: 16197095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.126603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the Kondo effect in a quantum ring connected to three terminals. In this configuration nonlinear transport measurements allow us to check which lead contributes to the Kondo density of states (DOS) and which does not. The ring geometry allows a fine-tuning of the coupling to each lead through the Aharonov-Bohm effect via application of a magnetic field. When the ring is connected to two strongly and one weakly coupled leads, conductance through the weakly coupled lead provides a direct measurement of the DOS in the Kondo regime. By applying a bias between the two strongly coupled leads, we demonstrate directly the splitting of the out-of-equilibrium Kondo DOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leturcq
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Rustico MA, Benettoni A, D'Ottavio G, Fischer-Tamaro L, Conoscenti GC, Meir Y, Natale R, Bussani R, Mandruzzato GP. Early screening for fetal cardiac anomalies by transvaginal echocardiography in an unselected population: the role of operator experience. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16:614-619. [PMID: 11169366 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the accuracy of early transvaginal fetal echocardiography performed in an unselected population by operators with different levels of experience and to compare the results with those obtained from a referral population. DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS A series of 4785 unselected fetuses and 221 referred fetuses were screened at 13-15 weeks' gestational age by transvaginal echocardiography. For each fetus, visualization of the four-chamber view plus the origin of the great arteries was attempted. Color Doppler imaging was only performed in cases of cardiac malformations already identified by two-dimensional echocardiography. The scans were performed by seven operators with different levels of experience. Reliability was assessed by conventional transabdominal echocardiography at 20-22 weeks, by postnatal follow-up in the first 3 months of life, and/or by autopsy in all cases of termination or fetal death. RESULTS The rate of complete visualization (four-chamber view plus great arteries) was 47.5% in the unselected population, and 76.9% in the referral population. There were four (0.08%) true positives among the unselected fetuses, and five (2.3%) among referrals, mostly with enlarged nuchal translucency or other malformations. Among the unselected fetuses, nine false negatives were detected by transabdominal echocardiography. Improvement in the operators' ability to recognize cardiac anomalies in unselected population was disappointing and was influenced more by individual approach than by the number of examinations performed. CONCLUSIONS Early screening for cardiac anomalies among unselected fetuses is ill-advisable. The usefulness of an early approach is confirmed in high risk fetuses or in the presence of enlarged nuchal translucency when performed by expert operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rustico
- Divisione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Istituto per l'Infanzia via dell'Istria 65/1, 34100 Trieste, Italy
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Rustico MA, Benettoni A, D'Ottavio G, Maieron A, Fischer-Tamaro I, Conoscenti G, Meir Y, Montesano M, Cattaneo A, Mandruzzato G. Fetal heart screening in low-risk pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995; 6:313-319. [PMID: 8590200 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.06050313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether a screening program for fetal cardiac malformations is justified in a low-risk population, and which factors influence its accuracy. The fetal heart was evaluated in 7024 pregnant women at 20-22 weeks, and evaluation was repeated at a more advanced gestational age in 9% of cases. Cardiological follow-up was continued postnatally until 2 years of age. The overall prevalence of cardiac anomaly was 0.93%. The incidences of major and minor defects were 0.44% and 0.48%, respectively. There were 23 true positives (0.33%): in 20 cases, the diagnosis was made in the second trimester, and 13 women (65%) chose termination of pregnancy. Seventeen of the 20 cases identified in the second trimester were serious malformations. There were 42 false negatives (0.60%). Of these, 12 had signs of cardiac dysfunction at birth or within the 1st month of life, and three of them died as a result of their cardiac anomaly. There were eight false positives (0.11%), all of a minor type. Six abnormal karyotypes, out of a total of 21 performed in the true-positive group (28.5%), were found. In addition, five of the 42 newborns in the false-negative group had trisomy 21. The overall sensitivity was 35.4%, and 61.3% for major defects. The accuracy in two distinct periods was estimated because the level of experience of the operators was different: sensitivity was 45.2% in period 1 (1986-88) (77.8% for major defects) and 26.5% in period 2 (1989-92) (52.9% for major defects). We conclude that a fetal heart screening program in the obstetric population is justified. It defines a high-risk group for karyotyping, allows planning of delivery in a tertiary center or the choice of terminating the pregnancy for the parents and appears to have a positive cost-benefit ratio. A crucial factor is the level of training and experience of the operators, who need specific teaching support.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rustico
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Instituto per l'Infanzia, Trieste, Italy
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Wingreen NS, Altshuler BL, Meir Y. Comment on "2-channel Kondo scaling in conductance signals from 2-level tunneling systems". Phys Rev Lett 1995; 75:769. [PMID: 10060111 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Conoscenti G, Meir Y, Fischer-Tamaro L, Maieron A, Natale R, D'Ottavio G, Rustico M, Facca MC, Monterosso A, Mandruzzato G. [The diagnostic capacities of transvaginal echography and hysteroscopy in the characterization of endometrial pathology]. Minerva Ginecol 1995; 47:293-300. [PMID: 8559439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography (TVS) and hysteroscopy in the assessment of endometrial pathology was studied comparing retrospectively both methods with the results of histologic findings after dilatation and curettage (D&C) performed in the last four years on 467 patients, 155 of whom were in postmenopause. Endometrial thickness, tissue texture, myometrial invasion and haemodynamic characteristics were studied with TVS. Uterine cavity, endometrial patterns and superficial vascularization were evaluated by hysteroscopy. For the purpose of this study all histologic findings were subdivided to a) normal (206 cases); b) benign lesions (240 cases); c) atypical hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma (21 cases). In our experience hysteroscopy was superior to TVS in detecting endometrial pathology. Both techniques were more sensitive in detecting premalignant and malignant lesions. Considering endometrial thickness evaluated with TVS as a single parameter in patients in postmenopause, we found that the most sensitive cut-off for defining normality was 3 mm; nevertheless, in the group of patients that had an endometrial thickness equal to or less than 3 mm there were 2 cases of malignancy. Therefore, neither TVS nor hysteroscopy are sufficiently reliable to replace curettage in the diagnosis of endometrial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conoscenti
- Divisione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Istituto per l'Infanzia Burlo Garofolo, Trieste
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Jauho AP, Wingreen NS, Meir Y. Time-dependent transport in interacting and noninteracting resonant-tunneling systems. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:5528-5544. [PMID: 9976896 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1610] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wingreen NS, Meir Y. Anderson model out of equilibrium: Noncrossing-approximation approach to transport through a quantum dot. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 49:11040-11052. [PMID: 10009950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Meir Y, Wingreen NS, Lee PA. Low-temperature transport through a quantum dot: The Anderson model out of equilibrium. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 70:2601-2604. [PMID: 10053604 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Foxman EB, McEuen PL, Meirav U, Wingreen NS, Meir Y, Belk PA, Belk NR, Kastner MA, Wind SJ. Effects of quantum levels on transport through a Coulomb island. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:10020-10023. [PMID: 10005100 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Meir Y, Entin-Wohlman O. Random matrix theory of transition strengths and universal magnetoconductance in the strongly localized regime. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 70:1988-1991. [PMID: 10053437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Adler J, Aharony A, Blumenfeld R, Harris AB, Meir Y. Distribution of the logarithms of currents in percolating resistor networks. II. Series expansions. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1993; 47:5770-5782. [PMID: 10004523 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.5770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Kinaret JM, Meir Y, Wingreen NS, Lee PA, Wen XG. Many-body coherence effects in conduction through a quantum dot in the fractional quantum Hall regime. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 46:4681-4692. [PMID: 10004225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.4681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Entin-Wohlman O, Gefen Y, Meir Y, Oreg Y. Effects of spin-orbit scattering in mesoscopic rings: Canonical- versus grand-canonical-ensemble averaging. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 45:11890-11895. [PMID: 10001205 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.11890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Kinaret JM, Meir Y, Wingreen NS, Lee P, Wen XG. Conductance through a quantum dot in the fractional quantum Hall regime. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 45:9489-9492. [PMID: 10000828 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.9489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Hardoff R, Lurie A, Meir Y. The contribution of supine/upright testicular scintigraphy and sonography in the evaluation of an atypical presentation of acute scrotum. Clin Nucl Med 1992; 17:45-6. [PMID: 1311999 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-199201000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Hardoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lady Davis Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
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Meir Y, Wingreen NS, Lee PA. Transport through a strongly interacting electron system: Theory of periodic conductance oscillations. Phys Rev Lett 1991; 66:3048-3051. [PMID: 10043685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Klein L, Adler J, Aharony A, Harris AB, Meir Y. Erratum: Dilute spin glass at zero temperature in general dimension. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:13684. [PMID: 9997219 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Meir Y, Sela L, Antal SC, Abrahamson J, Kellner J. [Staging of rectal carcinoma by endorectal ultrasonography]. Harefuah 1991; 120:587-90. [PMID: 1937194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Staging of rectal carcinoma is essential for its management. 23 patients with rectal lesions were examined by endorectal ultrasonography. Of these 19 had rectal carcinoma and in 4 there was an abscess of the rectal wall, previously diagnosed by sigmoidoscopic biopsy. 10 of those with carcinoma were examined by computerized tomography as well, and 10 were operated on. In most cases the staging of rectal carcinoma by endorectal ultrasonography was accurate and compared well with the operative histological results. We conclude that endorectal ultrasonography is the method of choice for staging of rectal carcinoma prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Meir
- Dept. of Radiology, Carmel Hospital, Haifa
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Klein L, Adler J, Aharony A, Harris AB, Meir Y. Series expansions for the Ising spin glass in general dimension. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:11249-11273. [PMID: 9996862 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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McEuen PL, Foxman EB, Meirav U, Kastner MA, Meir Y, Wingreen NS, Wind SJ. Transport spectroscopy of a Coulomb island in the quantum Hall regime. Phys Rev Lett 1991; 66:1926-1929. [PMID: 10043345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Meir Y, Wingreen NS, Entin-Wohlman O, Altshuler BL. Spin-orbit scattering for localized electrons: Absence of negative magnetoconductance. Phys Rev Lett 1991; 66:1517-1520. [PMID: 10043229 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Meir Y, Entin-Wohlman O, Gefen Y. Magnetic-field and spin-orbit interaction in restricted geometries: Solvable models. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 42:8351-8360. [PMID: 9995008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.8351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Adler J, Meir Y, Aharony A, Harris AB. Series study of percolation moments in general dimension. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 41:9183-9206. [PMID: 9993262 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.9183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Harris AB, Meir Y, Aharony A. Resistance distributions of the random resistor network near the percolation threshold. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 41:4610-4618. [PMID: 9994288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Abstract
Peripheral lymphadenopathy is rarely observed, whereas mesenteric lymphadenopathy is found occasionally on laparotomies in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy was reported only once in an autopsy of a patient with FMF. Our case is the second one, and the first one to be diagnosed during life, by means of abdominal ultrasonography and computerized tomography. In patients with FMF, where lymph node biopsy was done, the pathological finding was non-specific lymphoid hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rimon
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Lady Davis Carmel Hospital, Haifa, Israel
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Aharony A, Blumenfeld R, Breton P, Fourcade B, Harris AB, Meir Y, Tremblay A. Negative moments of currents in percolating resistor networks. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1989; 40:7318-7320. [PMID: 9991130 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Klein L, Adler J, Aharony A, Harris AB, Meir Y. Dilute spin glass at zero temperature in general dimension. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1989; 40:4824-4832. [PMID: 9992478 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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