Synthesis of Ester-Linked Paclitaxel–Glycoside Conjugate and Its Drug Delivery System Using Hybrid-Bio-Nanocapsules Targeted With Trastuzumab

Synthesis of the ester-linked glucoside conjugate of paclitaxel, 7-propionylpaclitaxel 3″- O-β-d-glucopyranoside, was carried out by chemoenzymatic procedures. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) values for hybrid-bio-nanocapsules of the compound were much improved in comparison with those of paclitaxel. The hybrid-bio-nanocapsules targeted with trastuzumab, which contained 7-propionylpaclitaxel 3″- O-β-d-glucopyranoside, showed high anticancer activity.

Relationship between the radical-scavenging activity of selected flavonols and thermodynamic parameters calculated by density functional theory

The relationship between radical-scavenging rate constants (k) in an aprotic medium and thermodynamic parameters calculated by density functional theory (DFT) was investigated for 7 flavonols, which are myricetin (Myr), quercetin (Que), morin (Mor), kaempferol (Kae), 2'-methylquercetin (2'-MeQue), 5'-methylquercetin (5'-MeQue), and 2',5'-dimethylquercetin (Me₂Que). The k values were determined for the reaction between the flavonols and galvinoxyl radical used as a reactivity model of reactive oxygen species in deaerated acetonitrile at 298 K. The energy difference values (D _HT, HT: hydrogen transfer) between the flavonols and the corresponding radicals, which equal to the relative O-H bond dissociation energies of the OH groups in the flavonols and ionisation potentials (IP) were calculated by DFT at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d) level with C-PCM solvation model parameterised for acetonitrile. Among the 7 flavonols used in this study, calculated IP values of 4 flavonols exhibited a linear correlation with log k, suggesting that the radical-scavenging reaction of these flavonols may proceed via an electron transfer as the rate determining step.

Synthesis of Glycosides of α-Tocopherol, Daidzein, Resveratrol, Hesperetin, Naringenin, and Chrysin as Antiallergic Functional Foods and Cosmetics

Glucosyltransferase from Phytolacca americana (Phytolaccaceae), glucosylated α-tocopherol, daidzein, resveratrol, hesperetin, naringenin, and chrysin to α-tocopherol 6-β-d-glucoside, daidzein 7-β-d-glucoside, resveratrol 3-β-d-glucoside, hesperetin 7-β-d-glucoside, naringenin 7-β-d-glucoside, and chrysin 7-β-d-glucoside, respectively. The antiallergic activity of the glycosides and their aglycons was examined by an in vivo immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody formation-suppression bioassay using rat. It was found that α-tocopherol 6-β-d-glucoside showed much higher antiallergic activity against glutenin than the positive control, hydrocortisone. On the other hand, daidzein 7-β-d-glucoside had much higher antiallergic activity toward 7S-globulin than hydrocortisone. These glycosides inhibited O2 − generation from rat neutrophils, which leads to the suppression of histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, resulting in the decrease of IgE antibody formation in rat. Chrysin 7-β-d-glucoside had stronger antityrosinase activity than chrysin. Cultured P. americana cells regioselectively introduced methoxyl and glucosyl residues on exogenously administrated chrysin to give 8-methoxychrysin and chrysin 7-β-d-glucoside. This is the first report on methoxylation of flavone compound at its eighth position by cultured plant cells.

Production of Tetrahydrocurcumin From Curcumin by Cultured Plant Cells and Inhibitory Effects of Curcuminoids on NF-κB Activity

Biotransformation of curcumin was investigated using cultured plant cells of Morus sp. Cultured Morus cells converted curcumin into dihydrocurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin. The activity of nuclear factor-κB was inhibited by curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin.

Synthesis of Daidzein Glycosides, α-Tocopherol Glycosides, Hesperetin Glycosides by Bioconversion and Their Potential for Anti-Allergic Functional-Foods and Cosmetics

Daidzein is a common isoflavone, having multiple biological effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, and anti-aging. α-Tocopherol is the tocopherol isoform with the highest vitamin E activity including anti-allergic activity and anti-cancer activity. Hesperetin is a flavone, which shows potent anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds have shortcomings, i.e., water-insolubility and poor absorption after oral administration. The glycosylation of bioactive compounds can enhance their water-solubility, physicochemical stability, intestinal absorption, and biological half-life, and improve their bio- and pharmacological properties. They were transformed by cultured Nicotiana tabacum cells to 7-β-glucoside and 7-β-gentiobioside of daidzein, and 3'- and 7-β-glucosides, 3',7-β-diglucoside, and 7-β-gentiobioside of hesperetin. Daidzein and α-tocopherol were glycosylated by galactosylation with β-glucosidase to give 4'- and 7-β-galactosides of daidzein, which were new compounds, and α-tocopherol 6-β-galactoside. These nine glycosides showed higher anti-allergic activity, i.e., inhibitory activity toward histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, than their respective aglycones. In addition, these glycosides showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity than the corresponding aglycones. Glycosylation of daidzein, α-tocopherol, and hesperetin greatly improved their biological activities.

Synthesis of Glycosides of Resveratrol, Pinostilbene, and Piceatannol by Bioconversion with Phytolacca americana

Cultured cells of Phytolacca americana, which had been cultivated in the dark, biotransformed resveratrol to pinostilbene and pterostilbene 4′- O-β-d-glucoside, together with the 3- and 4′- O-β-D-glucosides of resveratrol. Pinostilbene was converted into its 3- O-β-d-glucoside and pterostilbene. In addition, the cells transformed piceatannol to its 4′- O-β-d-glucoside, isorhapontigenin, and isorhapontigenin 3- O-β-D-glucoside.

Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of Ester-Linked Docetaxel-Glycoside Conjugate and its Drug Delivery System Using Hybrid-Bio-Nanocapsules Targeted With Trastuzumab and Cetuximab

Synthesis of ester-linked glucoside conjugate of docetaxel, 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, was carried out by chemo-enzymatic procedures. The EE and LE values for hybrid-bio-nanocapsules of 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''- O-α-D-glucopyranoside were much improved rather than those of docetaxel. The hybrid-bio-nanocapsules targeted with trastuzumab and cetuximab, which contained 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, showed high in vivo anti-cancer activity, ie, effective suppression of tumor growth, respectively.

Application of Racemization Process to Dynamic Resolution of (RS)-Phenylephrine to (R)-Phenylephrine β-D-Glucoside by Nicotiana tabacum Glucosyltransferase

Enzymatic glucosylation of racemic phenylephrine by glucosyltransferase from Nicotiana tabacum gave ( R)-phenylephrine glucoside and recovered ( S)-phenylephrine. [RuCl2( p-cymene)]2 complex associated with simple hemisalen ligands or zeolite were able to racemize ( S)-phenylephrine. The [RuCl2( p-cymene)]2/Ligand/TEMPO or zeolite racemization was associated with the enantioselective glycosylation of racemic phenylephrine with glucosyltransferase. The ( R)-stereoselective glucosylation of ( RS)-phenylephrine occurred to produce a high yield of ( R)-phenylephrine glucoside in high yield.

Synthesis of Ester-linked Taxol-oligosaccharide Conjugate and Its Drug Delivery System Using Bio-nanocapsules and Hybrid-bio-nanocapsules

Synthesis of ester-linked oligosaccharide conjugate of taxol, i.e., 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-maltotrioside, was investigated by enzymatic procedure. The starting material, 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-D-glucoside, was glycosylated by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase to 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-maltooligosides [α-maltooligosaccharides; α-Glc-1→(4-α-Glc-1→)n-14-α-glucosides (n = 1–4)]. The enzymatic hydrolysis of 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-maltooligosides gave 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-maltotrioside. Both bio-nanocapsules and hybrid-bio-nanocapsules containing 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-maltotrioside exhibited high in vitro anti-tumor activities.

Synthesis of Ester-linked Taxol-glycoside Conjugate and Its Application to Drug Delivery System Using Immunoliposome Targeted with Trastuzumab and Cetuximab

Synthesis of ester-linked glycoside prodrug of taxol, i.e., 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, was investigated by chemical synthetic procedure. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency of taxol for liposomes was much improved by modification with glucosyl ester group. The immunoliposomes containing the glycoside prodrug of taxol, i.e., 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, exhibited effective anti-tumor activities.

Resveratrol Oligosaccharide Induces mRNA Expression for SIRT

Piceid (resveratrol 3- O-β-D-glucoside) was glycosylated by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase to give oligosaccharides of resveratrol. Resveratrol oligosaccharides induced mRNA expression of SIRT1–6.

Ferulic Acid, Methyl Ferulate, and Ferulic Acid Glucopyranosyl Ester Isolated from Cultured Cells of Phytolacca americana

Production of secondary metabolites in cultured plant cells of Phytolacca americana was investigated. Three compounds, i.e., ferulic acid, methyl ferulate, and ferulic acid glucopyranosyl ester, were isolated from cultured P. americana cells.

Biotransformation of Daidzein to Diadzein-7-Glucoside and Its Anti-allergic Activity

The biotransformation of daidzein and its diacetate was investigated using cultured plant cells of Phytolacca americana as biocatalysts. Daidzein was glucosylated to the corresponding 7- O-β-D-glucoside. On the other hand, daidzein diacetate was hydrolyzed to daidzein, which was further glucosylated to 7- O-β-D-glucoside with much higher yield in comparison with the biotransformation of daidzein. Daidzein 7- O-β-D-glucoside showed higher inhibitory activity for histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells than daidzein.

Glycosylation and Methylation of Quercetin and Myricetin by Cultured Cells of Phytolacca americana

The glycosylation and methylation of quercetin by cultured plant cells of Phytolacca americana gave quercetin 3- O-β-D-glucoside and isorhamnetin 3- O-β-D-glucoside. Myricetin was glycosylated and methylated to syringetin 3- O-β-D-glucoside by cultured P. americana cells.

Glycosylation and Methylation of Quercetin and Myricetin by Cultured Cells of Phytolacca americana

The glycosylation and methylation of quercetin by cultured plant cells of Phytolacca americana gave quercetin 3-Ο-β-D-glucoside and isorharnnetin 3-Ο-β-D- glucoside. Myricetin was glycosylated and methylated to syringetin 3-Ο-β-D-glucoside by cultured P. americana cells.