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Aldurrah Z, Kauli FSM, Rahim NA, Zainal Z, Afzan A, Al Zarzour RH, Salhimi SM, Zain MSC, Zakaria F. Antidepressant evaluation of Andrographis paniculata Nees extract and andrographolide in chronic unpredictable stress zebrafish model. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:109678. [PMID: 37301417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) showed an anti-depressive effect in rodent models. Zebrafish has recently emerged as a worthy complementary translational model for antidepressant drug discovery study. This study investigates the anti-depressive effect of A. paniculata extract and andrographolide in the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)- zebrafish model. Four groups of zebrafish (n = 10/group), i.e. control, CUS (stressed, untreated), CUS + A. paniculata (100 mg/L) and CUS + fluoxetine (0.01 mg/L) were assessed in open-field and social interaction tests, 24 h after treatment. After extract screening, behavioural and cortisol analysis of andrographolide (5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were evaluated. Before the behavioural study, acute toxicity and characterization of A. paniculata extract using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS were performed. A significant reduction in freezing duration was found in A. paniculata- (t-test, p = 0.0234) and fluoxetine-treated groups (t-test, p < 0.0001) compared to the CUS group. A significant increase in total distance travelled, and contact duration was observed only in the fluoxetine-treated group (t-test, p = 0.0007) and (t-test, p = 0.0207), respectively. A significant increase in highly mobile duration was observed in both treatment groups. Andrographolide (50 mg/kg, i.p.) acute treatment showed a significant reduction in freezing duration (p = 0.0042), duration in a dark area (p = 0.0338) and cortisol level (p = 0.0156) and increased total distance travelled (p = 0.0144). Twenty-six compounds were tentatively characterized by LC-MS/MS method, and andrographolide content is 0.042 μg/g. According to cortisol analysis, A. paniculata's LC50 is 627.99 mg/L, while andrographolide's EC50 was determined as 26.915 mg/kg. Further assessment of the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the anti-depressive effect of andrographolide is strongly recommended to evaluate the potential as an antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenab Aldurrah
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Farah Syazwani Mohd Kauli
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayah Abdul Rahim
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Zainal
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adlin Afzan
- Phytochemistry Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Institute, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, 40170 Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Ragdhaa Hamdan Al Zarzour
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University (AIU), Syria
| | - Salizawati Muhamad Salhimi
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fauziahanim Zakaria
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
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