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Sgro M, Kodila ZN, Li C, Carmichael I, Warren S, Reichelt AC, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Microbiome depletion prior to repeat mild TBI differentially alters social deficits and prefrontal cortex plasticity in adolescent and adult rats. iScience 2024; 27:109395. [PMID: 38510122 PMCID: PMC10952042 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although aging, repeat mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI), and microbiome modifications independently change social behavior, there has been no investigation into their cumulative effects on social behavior and neuroplasticity within the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, we examined how microbiome depletion prior to RmTBI affected social behavior and neuroplasticity in adolescent and adult rats. Play, temperament analysis, elevated plus maze, and the hot/cold plate assessed socio-emotional function. Analyses of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons was completed. Social-emotional deficits were more pronounced in adults, with microbiome depletion attenuating social behavior deficits associated with RmTBI in both age groups. Microbiome depletion increased branch length and PNN arborization within the PFC but decreased the overall number of PNNs. Adults and males were more vulnerable to RmTBI. Interestingly, microbiome depletion may have attenuated the changes to neuroplasticity and subsequent social deficits, suggesting that the microbiome is a viable, but age-specific, target for RmTBI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zoe N. Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Crystal Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Irena Carmichael
- Monash Micro Imaging, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Samantha Warren
- Monash Micro Imaging, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Amy C. Reichelt
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Kodila ZN, Shultz SR, Yamakawa GR, Mychasiuk R. Critical Windows: Exploring the Association Between Perinatal Trauma, Epigenetics, and Chronic Pain. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231176233. [PMID: 37212380 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231176233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is highly prevalent and burdensome, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although it emerges at any point in life, it often manifests in adolescence. Given that adolescence is a unique developmental period, additional strains associated with persistent and often idiopathic pain lead to significant long-term consequences. While there is no singular cause for the chronification of pain, epigenetic modifications that lead to neural reorganization may underpin central sensitization and subsequent manifestation of pain hypersensitivity. Epigenetic processes are particularly active during the prenatal and early postnatal years. We demonstrate how exposure to various traumas, such as intimate partner violence while in utero or adverse childhood experiences, can significantly influence epigenetic regulation within the brain and in turn modify pain-related processes. We provide compelling evidence that the burden of chronic pain is likely initiated early in life, often being transmitted from mother to offspring. We also highlight two promising prophylactic strategies, oxytocin administration and probiotic use, that have the potential to attenuate the epigenetic consequences of early adversity. Overall, we advance understanding of the causal relationship between trauma and adolescent chronic pain by highlighting epigenetic mechanisms that underlie this transmission of risk, ultimately informing how to prevent this rising epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe N Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Sgro M, Ellens S, Kodila ZN, Christensen J, Li C, Mychasiuk R, Yamakawa GR. Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury alters central and peripheral clock gene expression in the adolescent rat. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 14:100090. [PMID: 36942266 PMCID: PMC10024151 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion is a common injury worldwide leading to substantial medical costs and a high burden on society. In adolescents, falls and sports related trauma are often the causes of mTBI. Importantly, critical brain growth and development occurs during this sensitive period making the prospect of a brain injury a worrying phenomenon. Upwards of 70% of patients report circadian disruption following these injuries and this has been shown to impede recovery. Therefore, we sought to determine if core circadian clock gene expression was disrupted in rat model of repetitive mTBI (RmTBI). Male and female adolescent rats (n = 129) received sham or RmTBI. The animals were then euthanized at different times throughout the day and night. Tissue from the hypothalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, liver, and small intestine were evaluated for the expression of per1, per2, cry1, clock, bmal1 and rev-erb-α. We found most clock genes varied across the day/night indicating circadian expression patterns. In the hypothalamus we found RmTBI altered the expression of cry1 and bmal1 in addition to sex differences in per2, cry1, clock, bmal1 and rev-erb- α. In the cerebellum, per1, per2, cry1, clock, bmal1 and rev-erb-α rhythms were all knocked out by RmTBI in addition to sex differences in cry1, clock and bmal1 expression. We also detected a significant decrease in overall expression of all clock genes in males in the middle of the night. In the hippocampus we found that RmTBI changed the rhythm of rev-erb-α expression in addition to sex differences in bmal1 expression. In the liver we detected strong rhythms in all genes examined, however only per2 expression was knocked out by RmTBI, in addition we also detected sex differences in per2 and cry1. We also detected an overall decrease in female clock gene expression in the early night. In the small intestine, RmTBI altered cry1 expression and there were sex differences in rev-erb-α. These results indicate that RmTBI alters core circadian clock gene expression in the central and peripheral nervous system in a time, tissue and sex dependent manner. This may be disrupting important phase relationships between the brain and peripheral nervous system and contributing to post-injury symptomology and also highlights the importance for time and sex dependent assessment of injury outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zoe N. Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennaya Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Crystal Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Corresponding author. Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 6th Floor, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Sgro M, Iacono G, Yamakawa GR, Kodila ZN, Marsland BJ, Mychasiuk R. Age matters: Microbiome depletion prior to repeat mild traumatic brain injury differentially alters microbial composition and function in adolescent and adult rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278259. [PMID: 36449469 PMCID: PMC9710846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the gut microbiome has been shown to perpetuate neuroinflammation, alter intestinal permeability, and modify repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (RmTBI)-induced deficits. However, there have been no investigations regarding the comparative effects that the microbiome may have on RmTBI in adolescents and adults. Therefore, we examined the influence of microbiome depletion prior to RmTBI on microbial composition and metabolome, in adolescent and adult Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were randomly assigned to standard or antibiotic drinking water for 14 days, and to subsequent sham or RmTBIs. The gut microbiome composition and metabolome were analysed at baseline, 1 day after the first mTBI, and at euthanasia (11 days following the third mTBI). At euthanasia, intestinal samples were also collected to quantify tight junction protein (TJP1 and occludin) expression. Adolescents were significantly more susceptible to microbiome depletion via antibiotic administration which increased pro-inflammatory composition and metabolites. Furthermore, RmTBI induced a transient increase in 'beneficial bacteria' (Lachnospiraceae and Faecalibaculum) in only adolescents that may indicate compensatory action in response to the injury. Finally, microbiome depletion prior to RmTBI generated a microbiome composition and metabolome that exemplified a potentially chronic pathogenic and inflammatory state as demonstrated by increased Clostridium innocuum and Erysipelatoclostridium and reductions in Bacteroides and Clostridium Sensu Stricto. Results highlight that adolescents are more vulnerable to RmTBI compared to adults and dysbiosis prior to injury may exacerbate secondary inflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giulia Iacono
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zoe N. Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Sgro M, Kodila ZN, Brady RD, Reichelt AC, Mychaisuk R, Yamakawa GR. Synchronizing Our Clocks as We Age: The Influence of the Brain-Gut-Immune Axis on the Sleep-Wake Cycle Across the Lifespan. Sleep 2021; 45:6425072. [PMID: 34757429 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbes that colonize the small and large intestines, known as the gut microbiome, play an integral role in optimal brain development and function. The gut microbiome is a vital component of the bi-directional communication pathway between the brain, immune system, and gut, also known as the brain-gut-immune axis. To date there has been minimal investigation into the implications of improper development of the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-immune axis on the sleep-wake cycle, particularly during sensitive periods of physical and neurological development, such as childhood, adolescence, and senescence. Therefore, this review will explore the current literature surrounding the overlapping developmental periods of the gut microbiome, brain, and immune system from birth through to senescence, while highlighting how the brain-gut-immune axis affects maturation and organisation of the sleep-wake cycle. We also examine how dysfunction to either the microbiome or the sleep-wake cycle negatively affects the bidirectional relationship between the brain and gut, and subsequently the overall health and functionality of this complex system. Additionally, this review integrates therapeutic studies to demonstrate when dietary manipulations, such as supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, can modulate the gut microbiome to enhance health of the brain-gut-immune axis and optimize our sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe N Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychaisuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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