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Zhu J, Cai H, Xu C, Wang W, Song X, Li B, Shen Y, Dong X. Acidity-Responsive Nanoreactors Destructed "Warburg Effect" for Toxic-Acidosis and Starvation Synergistic Therapy. Small 2023; 19:e2304058. [PMID: 37475522 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
"Warburg Effect" shows that most tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy supply, leading to malignant energy deprivation and an "internal alkaline external acid" tumor microenvironment. Destructing the "Warburg Effect" is an effective approach to inhibit tumor progression. Herein, an acidity-responsive nanoreactor (Au@CaP-Flu@HA) is fabricated for toxic acidosis and starvation synergistic therapy. In the nanoreactor, the fluvastatin (Flu) could reduce lactate efflux by inhibiting the lactate-proton transporter (monocarboxylate transporters, MCT4), resulting in intracellular lactate accumulation. Meanwhile, the glucose oxidase-mimic Au-nanocomposite consumes glucose to induce cell starvation accompanied by gluconic acid production, coupling with lactate to exacerbate toxic acidosis. Also, the up-regulated autophagic energy supply of tumor cells under energy deprivation and hypoxia aggravation is blocked by autophagy inhibitor CaP. Cellular dysfunction under pHi acidification and impaired Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) synthesis under starvation synergistically promote tumor cell apoptosis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that this combinational approach of toxic-acidosis/starvation therapy could effectively destruct the "Warburg Effect" to inhibit tumor growth and anti-metastatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chengshuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Buhong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Yi Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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