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Rospo G, Chilà R, Matafora V, Basso V, Lamba S, Bartolini A, Bachi A, Di Nicolantonio F, Mondino A, Germano G, Bardelli A. Non-canonical antigens are the largest fraction of peptides presented by MHC class I in mismatch repair deficient murine colorectal cancer. Genome Med 2024; 16:15. [PMID: 38243308 PMCID: PMC10797964 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy based on checkpoint inhibitors is highly effective in mismatch repair deficient (MMRd) colorectal cancer (CRC). These tumors carry a high number of mutations, which are predicted to translate into a wide array of neoepitopes; however, a systematic classification of the neoantigen repertoire in MMRd CRC is lacking. Mass spectrometry peptidomics has demonstrated the existence of MHC class I associated peptides (MAPs) originating from non-coding DNA regions. Based on these premises we investigated DNA genomic regions responsible for generating MMRd-induced peptides. METHODS We exploited mouse CRC models in which the MMR gene Mlh1 was genetically inactivated. Isogenic cell lines CT26 Mlh1+/+ and Mlh1-/- were inoculated in immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice. Whole genome and RNA sequencing data were generated from samples obtained before and after injection in murine hosts. First, peptide databases were built from transcriptomes of isogenic cell lines. We then compiled a database of peptides lost after tumor cells injection in immunocompetent mice, likely due to immune editing. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matched next-generation sequencing databases were employed to identify the DNA regions from which the immune-targeted MAPs originated. Finally, we adopted in vitro T cell assays to verify whether MAP-specific T cells were part of the in vivo immune response against Mlh1-/- cells. RESULTS Whole genome sequencing analyses revealed an unbalanced distribution of immune edited alterations across the genome in Mlh1-/- cells grown in immunocompetent mice. Specifically, untranslated (UTR) and coding regions exhibited the largest fraction of mutations leading to highly immunogenic peptides. Moreover, the integrated computational and LC-MS/MS analyses revealed that MAPs originate mainly from atypical translational events in both Mlh1+/+ and Mlh1-/- tumor cells. In addition, mutated MAPs-derived from UTRs and out-of-frame translation of coding regions-were highly enriched in Mlh1-/- cells. The MAPs trigger T-cell activation in mice primed with Mlh1-/- cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that-in comparison to MMR proficient CRC-MMRd tumors generate a significantly higher number of non-canonical mutated peptides able to elicit T cell responses. These results reveal the importance of evaluating the diversity of neoepitope repertoire in MMRd tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rospo
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosaria Chilà
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Matafora
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Basso
- Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Lamba
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Bartolini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Anna Mondino
- Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Germano
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy.
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Falini B, Lazzi S, Pileri S. A comparison of the International Consensus and 5th WHO classifications of T-cell lymphomas and histiocytic/dendritic cell tumours. Br J Haematol 2023; 203:369-383. [PMID: 37387351 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication in 2017 of the revised 4th Edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of haematolymphoid tumours, here referred to as WHO-HAEM4, significant clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular advances have been made in the field of lymphomas, contributing to refining the diagnostic criteria of several diseases, upgrading entities previously defined as provisional and identifying new entities. This process has resulted in two recent classification proposals of lymphoid neoplasms: the International Consensus Classification (ICC) and the 5th edition of the WHO classification (WHO-HAEM5). In this paper, we review and compare the two classifications in terms of diagnostic criteria and entity definition, focusing on T-cell lymphomas and histiocytic/dendritic cell tumours. Moreover, we update the genetic data of the various pathological entities. The main goal is to provide a tool to facilitate the work of the pathologists, haematologists and researchers involved in the diagnosis and treatment of these haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Haematology and CREO, University and Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Pileri
- European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Diatech Pharmacogenetics, Jesi, Italy
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Pisacane A, Cascardi E, Berrino E, Polidori A, Sarotto I, Casorzo L, Panero M, Boccaccio C, Verginelli F, Benvenuti S, Dellino M, Comoglio P, Montemurro F, Geuna E, Marchiò C, Sapino A. Real-world histopathological approach to malignancy of undefined primary origin (MUO) to diagnose cancers of unknown primary (CUPs). Virchows Arch 2023; 482:463-475. [PMID: 36346458 PMCID: PMC9640798 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to envisage a streamlined pathological workup to rule out CUPs in patients presenting with MUOs. Sixty-four MUOs were classified using standard histopathology. Clinical data, immunocytochemical markers, and results of molecular analysis were recorded. MUOs were histologically subdivided in clear-cut carcinomas (40 adenocarcinomas, 11 squamous, and 3 neuroendocrine carcinomas) and unclear-carcinoma features (5 undifferentiated and 5 sarcomatoid tumors). Cytohistology of 7/40 adenocarcinomas suggested an early metastatic cancer per se. In 33/40 adenocarcinomas, CK7/CK20 expression pattern, gender, and metastasis sites influenced tissue-specific marker selection. In 23/40 adenocarcinomas, a "putative-immunophenotype" of tissue of origin addressed clinical-diagnostic examinations, identifying 9 early metastatic cancers. Cell lineage markers were used to confirm squamous and neuroendocrine differentiation. Pan-cytokeratins were used to confirm the epithelial nature of poorly differentiated tumors, followed by tissue and cell lineage markers, which identified one melanoma. In total, 47/64 MUOs (73.4%) were confirmed CUP. Molecular analysis, feasible in 37/47 CUPs (78.7%), had no diagnostic impact. Twenty CUP patients, mainly with squamous carcinomas and adenocarcinomas with putative-gynecologic-immunophenotypes, presented with only lymph node metastases and had longer median time to progression and overall survival (< 0.001), compared with patients with other metastatic patterns. We propose a simplified histology-driven workup which could efficiently rule out CUPs and identify early metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pisacane
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Eliano Cascardi
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10100, Turin, Italy.
| | - Enrico Berrino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10100, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Polidori
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Ivana Sarotto
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Casorzo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Panero
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Carla Boccaccio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin Medical School, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Miriam Dellino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Comoglio
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20019, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Geuna
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10100, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10100, Turin, Italy
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Falcinelli M, Dell'Omo G, Grassi E, Mariella E, Leto SM, Scardellato S, Lorenzato A, Arena S, Bertotti A, Trusolino L, Bardelli A, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Colorectal cancer patient-derived organoids and cell lines harboring ATRX and/or DAXX mutations lack Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:96. [PMID: 36759506 PMCID: PMC9911751 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Telomere maintenance is necessary to maintain cancer cell unlimited viability. However, the mechanisms maintaining telomere length in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been extensively investigated. Telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) include the re-expression of telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT is genetically associated with somatic alterations in alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) and death domain-associated protein (DAXX) genes. Cells displaying ALT present distinctive features including C-circles made of telomeric DNA, long and heterogenous telomeric tracts, and telomeric DNA co-localized with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies forming so-called ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs). Here, we identified mutations in ATRX and/or DAXX genes in an extensive collection of CRC samples including 119 patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and 232 established CRC cell lines. C-circles measured in CRC PDOs and cell lines showed low levels overall. We also observed that CRC PDOs and cell lines did not display a significant accumulation of APBs or long telomeres with no appreciable differences between wild-type and mutated ATRX/DAXX samples. Overall, our extensive analyses indicate that CRC is not prone to engage ALT, even when carrying genetic lesions in ATRX and/or DAXX, and support the notion that ATRX/DAXX genomic footprints are not reliable predictors of ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Falcinelli
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Dell'Omo
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Grassi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 1060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Mariella
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 1060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Annalisa Lorenzato
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 1060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Arena
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 1060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 1060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 1060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 1060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio d'Adda di Fagagna
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia, Italy.
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Zanelli M, Sanguedolce F, Palicelli A, Zizzo M, Martino G, Caprera C, Fragliasso V, Soriano A, Valle L, Ricci S, Gozzi F, Cimino L, Cavazza A, Merli F, Pileri SA, Ascani S. EBV-Driven Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Spectrum of Entities with a Common Denominator (Part 2). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4527. [PMID: 34572754 PMCID: PMC8469260 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common pathogen infecting people primarily early in life. The virus has the ability to persist throughout a person's life, usually in B lymphocytes. Conditions of immunodeficiency as well as the introduction of immunosuppressive therapies and the advent of transplant technologies has brought immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders into view, which are often driven by EBV. The group of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders includes different entities, with distinct biological features, ranging from indolent disorders, which may even spontaneously regress, to aggressive lymphomas requiring prompt and adequate treatment. These disorders are often diagnostically challenging due to their overlapping morphology and immunophenotype. Both nodal and extra-nodal sites, including the gastrointestinal tract, may be involved. This review, divided in three parts, summarizes the clinical, pathological, molecular features and treatment strategies of EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders occurring in the gastrointestinal tract and critically analyzes the major issues in the differential diagnosis. In this part of the review, we discuss plasmablastic lymphoma, extra-cavitary primary effusion lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Zanelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (S.R.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (S.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Zizzo
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Martino
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Cecilia Caprera
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Valentina Fragliasso
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Soriano
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Gastroenterology Division, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Valle
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Integrated Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Stefano Ricci
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (S.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Gozzi
- Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (F.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Luca Cimino
- Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (F.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Alberto Cavazza
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.P.); (S.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Merli
- Hematology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Stefano A. Pileri
- Haematopathology Division, European Institute of Oncology-IEO IRCCS Milan, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Ascani
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (S.A.)
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