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Keime M, Chomienne L, Goulon C, Sainton P, Lapole T, Casanova R, Bossard M, Nicol C, Martha C, Bolmont B, Hays A, Vercruyssen F, Chavet P, Bringoux L. How about running on Mars? Influence of sensorimotor coherence on running and spatial perception in simulated reduced gravity. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1201253. [PMID: 37601641 PMCID: PMC10433163 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1201253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor control, including locomotion, strongly depends on the gravitational field. Recent developments such as lower-body positive pressure treadmills (LBPPT) have enabled studies on Earth about the effects of reduced body weight (BW) on walking and running, up to 60% BW. The present experiment was set up to further investigate adaptations to a more naturalistic simulated hypogravity, mimicking a Martian environment with additional visual information during running sessions on LBPPT. Twenty-nine participants performed three sessions of four successive five-min runs at preferred speed, alternating Earth- or simulated Mars-like gravity (100% vs. 38% BW). They were displayed visual scenes using a virtual reality headset to assess the effects of coherent visual flow while running. Running performance was characterized by normal ground reaction force and pelvic accelerations. The perceived upright and vection (visually-induced self-motion sensation)in dynamic visual environments were also investigated at the end of the different sessions. We found that BW reduction induced biomechanical adaptations independently of the visual context. Active peak force and stance time decreased, while flight time increased. Strong inter-individual differences in braking and push-off times appeared at 38% BW, which were not systematically observed in our previous studies at 80% and 60% BW. Additionally, the importance given to dynamic visual cues in the perceived upright diminished at 38% BW, suggesting an increased reliance on the egocentric body axis as a reference for verticality when the visual context is fully coherent with the previous locomotor activity. Also, while vection was found to decrease in case of a coherent visuomotor coupling at 100% BW (i.e., post-exposure influence), it remained unaffected by the visual context at 38% BW. Overall, our findings suggested that locomotor and perceptual adaptations were not similarly impacted, depending on the -simulated- gravity condition and visual context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Keime
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
- École Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
- KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Cédric Goulon
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thomas Lapole
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Rémy Casanova
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | - Martin Bossard
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
- University Gustave Eiffel, COSYS-PICS-L, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | | | - Cécile Martha
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Arnaud Hays
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
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Kuldavletova O, Navarro Morales DC, Quarck G, Denise P, Clément G. Spaceflight alters reaction time and duration judgment of astronauts. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1141078. [PMID: 37007995 PMCID: PMC10063900 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1141078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a study on astronauts aimed at characterizing duration judgment before, during, and after long-duration stays on board the International Space Station. Ten astronauts and a control group of 15 healthy (non-astronaut) participants performed a duration reproduction task and a duration production task using a visual target duration ranging from 2 to 38 s. Participants also performed a reaction time test for assessing attention. Compared to control participants and preflight responses, the astronauts’ reaction time increased during spaceflight. Also, during spaceflight, time intervals were under-produced while counting aloud and under-reproduced when there was a concurrent reading task. We hypothesize that time perception during spaceflight is altered by two mechanisms: (a) an acceleration of the internal clock through the changes in vestibular inputs in microgravity, and (b) difficulties in attention and working memory when a concurrent reading task is present. Prolonged isolation in confined areas, weightlessness, stress related to workload, and high-performance expectations could account for these cognitive impairments.
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Arbeille P, Zuj KA, Besnard S, Mauvieux B, Hingrand C, Delaunay PL, Hughson RL, Clot C. Ultrasound assessments of organs and blood vessels before and after 40 days isolation in a cavern (deep time experiment 2021). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1174565. [PMID: 37168224 PMCID: PMC10164955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1174565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spaceflight simulation studies like confinement in small volume habitat with limited physical activity have reported even after 60 days an abnormal arterial wall adaptation with increase thickness or stiffness. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects on blood vessel and organ structure of 40 days of isolation in a huge habitat with intensive physical activity. Method: Data were collected from 14 individuals (7 male) who isolated in a cavern for 40-days while performing normal daily activities without time references. Ultrasound assessments were performed pre- and post-isolation using a teleoperated system with eight different acoustic windows to obtain 19 measurements on 12 different organ/vascular structures which included the common carotid artery, femoral artery, tibial artery, jugular vein, portal vein, bile duct, kidney, pancreas, abdominal aorta, cervical and lumbar vertebral distance, and Achilles tendon. Results: Common carotid artery measures, including the intima media thickness, stiffness index, and the index of reflectivity measured from the radiofrequency signal, were not changed with isolation. Similarly, no differences were found for femoral artery measurements or measurements of any of the other organs/vessels assessed. There were no sex differences for any of the assessments. Discussion: Results from this study indicate a lack of physiological effects of 40-days of isolation in a cavern, contrary to what observed in previous 60 days confinement. This suggests a potential protective effect of sustained physical activity, or reduced environmental stress inside the huge volume of the confined facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Arbeille
- UMPS-CERCOM (Unit Med Physiol Spatiale) Faculte de Medicine Universite de Tours, Tours, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Arbeille,
| | - Kathryn A. Zuj
- UMPS-CERCOM (Unit Med Physiol Spatiale) Faculte de Medicine Universite de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard L. Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Clot
- Department Adaptation Comportementale et Fonctionnel Aux Changements Human Adaptation Institute, Paris, France
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Bonnet Gibet V, Michaut C, Wieczorek M, Lognonné P. A Positive Feedback Between Crustal Thickness and Melt Extraction for the Origin of the Martian Dichotomy. J Geophys Res Planets 2022; 127:e2022JE007472. [PMID: 37033153 PMCID: PMC10078261 DOI: 10.1029/2022je007472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A North/South difference in crustal thickness is likely at the origin of the Martian dichotomy in topography. Recent crustal thickness maps were obtained by inversion of topography and gravity data seismically anchored at the InSight station. On average, the Martian crust is 51-71 km thick with a southern crust thicker by 18-28 km than the northern one. The origin of this crustal dichotomy is still debated although the hypothesis of a large impact is at present very popular. Here, we propose a new mechanism for the formation of this dichotomy that involves a positive feedback between crustal growth and mantle melting. As the crust is enriched in heat-producing elements, the lid of a one-plate planet is hotter and thinner where the crust is thicker, inducing a larger amount of partial melt below the lid and hence a larger rate of melt extraction and crustal growth. We first demonstrate analytically that larger wavelength perturbations, that is, hemispherical perturbations, grow faster because smaller wavelengths are more attenuated by thermal diffusion. We then use a parameterized thermal evolution model with a well-mixed mantle topped by two different lids characterized by their thermal structures and thicknesses to study the growth of the crust in the two hemispheres. Our results demonstrate that this positive feedback can generate a significant crustal dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Bonnet Gibet
- Laboratoire de Géologie de LyonTerre, Planètes, EnvironnementEcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRSUniversité de LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Université Jean MonetLyonFrance
| | - Chloé Michaut
- Laboratoire de Géologie de LyonTerre, Planètes, EnvironnementEcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRSUniversité de LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Université Jean MonetLyonFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
| | - Mark Wieczorek
- Laboratoire LagrangeObservatoire de la Côte d’AzurCNRSUniversité Côte d’AzurNiceFrance
| | - Philippe Lognonné
- CNRSInstitut de physique du globe de ParisUniversité de ParisParisFrance
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Caravaca G, Mangold N, Dehouck E, Schieber J, Zaugg L, Bryk AB, Fedo CM, Le Mouélic S, Le Deit L, Banham SG, Gupta S, Cousin A, Rapin W, Gasnault O, Rivera‐Hernández F, Wiens RC, Lanza NL. From Lake to River: Documenting an Environmental Transition Across the Jura/Knockfarril Hill Members Boundary in the Glen Torridon Region of Gale Crater (Mars). J Geophys Res Planets 2022; 127:e2021JE007093. [PMID: 36246083 PMCID: PMC9541347 DOI: 10.1029/2021je007093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Between January 2019 and January 2021, the Mars Science Laboratory team explored the Glen Torridon (GT) region in Gale crater (Mars), known for its orbital detection of clay minerals. Mastcam, Mars Hand Lens Imager, and ChemCam data are used in an integrated sedimentological and geochemical study to characterize the Jura member of the upper Murray formation and the Knockfarril Hill member of the overlying Carolyn Shoemaker formation in northern GT. The studied strata show a progressive transition represented by interfingering beds of fine-grained, recessive mudstones of the Jura member and coarser-grained, cross-stratified sandstones attributed to the Knockfarril Hill member. Whereas the former are interpreted as lacustrine deposits, the latter are interpreted as predominantly fluvial deposits. The geochemical composition seen by the ChemCam instrument show K2O-rich mudstones (∼1-2 wt.%) versus MgO-rich sandstones (>6 wt.%), relative to the average composition of the underlying Murray formation. We document consistent sedimentary and geochemical data sets showing that low-energy mudstones of the Jura member are associated with the K-rich endmember, and that high-energy cross-stratified sandstones of the Knockfarril Hill member are associated with the Mg-rich endmember, regardless of stratigraphic position. The Jura to Knockfarril Hill transition therefore marks a significant paleoenvironmental change, where a long-lived and comparatively quiescent lacustrine setting progressively changes into a more energetic fluvial setting, as a consequence of shoreline regression due to either increased sediment supply or lake-level drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaël Caravaca
- UMR 5277 CNRSUPSCNES Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
- UMR 6112 CNRS Laboratoire de Planétologie et GéosciencesNantes UniversitéUniversité d’AngersNantesFrance
- Now at Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieToulouseFrance
| | - Nicolas Mangold
- UMR 6112 CNRS Laboratoire de Planétologie et GéosciencesNantes UniversitéUniversité d’AngersNantesFrance
| | - Erwin Dehouck
- Université de LyonUCBLENSLUJMCNRSLGL‐TPEVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Juergen Schieber
- Department of Geological SciencesIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Louis Zaugg
- UMR 6112 CNRS Laboratoire de Planétologie et GéosciencesNantes UniversitéUniversité d’AngersNantesFrance
| | | | - Christopher M. Fedo
- Department of Earth & Planetary SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Stéphane Le Mouélic
- UMR 6112 CNRS Laboratoire de Planétologie et GéosciencesNantes UniversitéUniversité d’AngersNantesFrance
| | - Laetitia Le Deit
- UMR 6112 CNRS Laboratoire de Planétologie et GéosciencesNantes UniversitéUniversité d’AngersNantesFrance
| | - Steven G. Banham
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Earth Sciences and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Agnès Cousin
- UMR 5277 CNRSUPSCNES Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - William Rapin
- UMR 5277 CNRSUPSCNES Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Olivier Gasnault
- UMR 5277 CNRSUPSCNES Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | | | - Roger C. Wiens
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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Linossier MT, Peurière L, Fernandez P, Normand M, Beck A, Bareille MP, Bonneau C, Gauquelin-Koch G, Vico L. DI-5-Cuffs: Bone Remodelling and Associated Metabolism Markers in Humans After Five Days of Dry Immersion to Simulate Microgravity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:801448. [PMID: 35574450 PMCID: PMC9094410 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.801448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The dry immersion (DI) model closely reproduces factors of spaceflight environment such as supportlessness, mechanical and axial unloading, physical inactivity, and induces early increased bone resorption activity and metabolic responses as well as fluid centralization. The main goal of this experiment was to assess the efficacity of venoconstrictive thigh cuffs, as countermeasure to limit cephalad fluidshift, on DI-induced deconditioning, in particular for body fluids and related ophthalmological disorders. Our specific goal was to deepen our knowledge on the DI effects on the musculoskeletal events and to test whether intermittent counteracting fluid transfer would affect DI-induced bone modifications. Methods: Eighteen males divided into Control (DI) or Cuffs (DI-TC) group underwent an unloading condition for 5 days. DI-TC group wore thigh cuffs 8–10 h/day during DI period. Key markers of bone turnover, phospho-calcic metabolism and associated metabolic factors were measured. Results: In the DI group, bone resorption increased as shown by higher level in Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b at DI24h. C-terminal telopeptide levels were unchanged. Bone formation and mineralization were also affected at DI24h with a decreased in collagen type I synthesis and an increased bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. In addition, osteocalcin and periostin levels decreased at DI120h. Calcemia increased up to a peak at DI48h, inducing a trend to decrease in parathyroid hormone levels at DI120h. Phosphatemia remained unchanged. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and visfatin were very sensitive to DI conditions as evidenced by higher levels by 120% vs. baseline for visfatin at DI48h. Lipocalin-2, a potential regulator of bone homeostasis, and irisin were unchanged. The changes in bone turnover markers were similar in the two groups. Only periostin and visfatin changes were, at least partially, prevented by thigh cuffs. Conclusion: This study confirmed the rapid dissociation between bone formation and resorption under DI conditions. It revealed an adaptation peak at DI48h, then the maintenance of this new metabolic state during all DI. Notably, collagen synthesis and mineralisation markers evolved asynchronously. Thigh cuffs did not prevent significantly the DI-induced deleterious effects on bone cellular activities and/or energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Linossier
- INSERM, U 1059, University of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint Etienne, France
- *Correspondence: Marie-Thérèse Linossier,
| | - Laura Peurière
- INSERM, U 1059, University of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Peter Fernandez
- INSERM, U 1059, University of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Myriam Normand
- INSERM, U 1059, University of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Arnaud Beck
- Institute of Space Physiology and Medicine (MEDES), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Christine Bonneau
- Biochemical Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | | | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM, U 1059, University of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Saint Etienne, France
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Simon Wedlund C, Volwerk M, Mazelle C, Halekas J, Rojas‐Castillo D, Espley J, Möstl C. Making Waves: Mirror Mode Structures Around Mars Observed by the MAVEN Spacecraft. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2021JA029811. [PMID: 35860696 PMCID: PMC9285749 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present an in-depth analysis of a time interval when quasi-linear mirror mode structures were detected by magnetic field and plasma measurements as observed by the NASA/Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft. We employ ion and electron spectrometers in tandem to support the magnetic field measurements and confirm that the signatures are indeed mirror modes. Wedged against the magnetic pile-up boundary, the low-frequency signatures last on average∼ 10 s with corresponding sizes of the order of 15-30 upstream solar wind proton thermal gyroradii, or 10-20 proton gyroradii in the immediate wake of the quasi-perpendicular bow shock. Their peak-to-peak amplitudes are of the order of 30-35 nT with respect to the background field, and appear as a mixture of dips and peaks, suggesting that they may have been at different stages in their evolution. Situated in a marginally stable plasma with β ‖ ∼ 1, we hypothesize that these so-called magnetic bottles, containing a relatively higher energy and denser ion population with respect to the background plasma, are formed upstream of the spacecraft behind the quasi-perpendicular shock. These signatures are very reminiscent of magnetic bottles found at other unmagnetized objects such as Venus and comets, also interpreted as mirror modes. Our case study constitutes the first unmistakable identification and characterization of mirror modes at Mars from the joint points of view of magnetic field, electron and ion measurements. Up until now, the lack of high-temporal resolution plasma measurements has prevented such an in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Volwerk
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
| | - Christian Mazelle
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)Université de ToulouseCNRSUPSCNESToulouseFrance
| | - Jasper Halekas
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Jared Espley
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterLaboratory for Planetary MagnetospheresGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Christian Möstl
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
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