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Park SJ, Choi H, Kim JH, Kim CS. Antifibrotic effects of eupatilin on TGF-β1-treated human vocal fold fibroblasts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249041. [PMID: 33765087 PMCID: PMC7993872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal fold scarring is a major cause of dysphonia. Vocal fold fibroblasts (VFFs) and the TGF-β signaling pathway play important roles in scar formation. Eupatilin, a chromone derivative of the Artemisia species, is a traditional folk remedy for wound healing. However, until recently, few studies investigated the therapeutic effects of eupatilin. We investigated the antifibrogenic effects of eupatilin on TGF-β1-treated human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs). The optimal concentration of eupatilin was determined by a cell viability assay. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin during myofibroblast differentiation, fibronectin (FN), collagen type I (Col I), and collagen type III (Col III) extracellular matrix proteins, and Smad2, Smad3, and p38 in the fibrotic pathway. Measurements were made before and after eupatilin treatment. Eupatilin at 100 nM was shown to be safe for use in hVFFs. TGF-β1 induced hVFFs to proliferate and differentiate into myofibroblasts and increased Col III and FN synthesis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Eupatilin suppressed TGF-β1-induced hVFF proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts through the Smad and p38 signaling pathways. Furthermore, eupatilin inhibited TGF-β1-induced FN, Col I, and Col III synthesis in hVFFs. Our in vitro findings show that eupatilin effectively suppressed TGF-β1-induced fibrotic changes in hVFFs via the Smad and p38 signaling pathways. Thus, eupatilin may be considered a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of vocal fold fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Joon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Choi
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Daejeon St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Daejeon St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Choi HJ, Cho SJ, Kim OH, Song JS, Hong HE, Lee SC, Kim KH, Lee SK, You YK, Hong TH, Kim EY, Park JH, Na GH, Do You D, Han JH, Park JW, Kwak BJ, Lee TY, Ahn J, Lee HH, Kang SK, Hwang KS, Jung JK, Jung KY, Kim SJ. Efficacy and safety of a novel topical agent for gallstone dissolution: 2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine. J Transl Med 2019; 17:195. [PMID: 31182117 PMCID: PMC6558798 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is the only clinical topical agent for gallstone dissolution, its use is limited by its side effects mostly arising from a relatively low boiling point (55 °C). In this study, we developed the gallstone-dissolving compound containing an aromatic moiety, named 2-methoxy-6-methylpyridine (MMP) with higher boiling point (156 °C), and compared its effectiveness and toxicities with MTBE. METHODS The dissolubility of MTBE and MMP in vitro was determined by placing human gallstones in glass containers with either solvent and, then, measuring their dry weights. Their dissolubility in vivo was determined by comparing the weights of solvent-treated gallstones and control (dimethyl sulfoxide)-treated gallstones, after directly injecting each solvent into the gallbladder in hamster models with cholesterol and pigmented gallstones. RESULTS In the in vitro dissolution test, MMP demonstrated statistically higher dissolubility than did MTBE for cholesterol and pigmented gallstones (88.2% vs. 65.7%, 50.8% vs. 29.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). In the in vivo experiments, MMP exhibited 59.0% and 54.3% dissolubility for cholesterol and pigmented gallstones, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of MTBE (50.0% and 32.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). The immunohistochemical stains of gallbladder specimens obtained from the MMP-treated hamsters demonstrated that MMP did not significantly increase the expression of cleaved caspase 9 or significantly decrease the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that MMP has better potential than does MTBE in dissolving gallstones, especially pigmented gallstones, while resulting in lesser toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Joon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kuon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung You
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Hyung Na
- Department of Surgery, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Do You
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Han
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Park
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Jun Kwak
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Hee Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Kang
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Seok Hwang
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Young Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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