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Bagher SM, Sabbagh HJ, Nadhreen A, Alamoudi NM, Almushayt A, Al-Malik M, Al Shehri MR, Elkhodary HM. Preference for Comprehensive Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia among Parents with Previous Experience: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children (Basel) 2023; 10:1776. [PMID: 38002867 PMCID: PMC10670371 DOI: 10.3390/children10111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess whether parents of children who previously received comprehensive dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) would prefer comprehensive dental treatment under GA over regular dental care if any of their other children required comprehensive dental treatment. In this cross-sectional study, parents of children who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed by a trained pediatric resident about parental-related factors as well as their satisfaction with their previous GA experience. Also, the factors related to the previously treated child were obtained from dental records. Statistical analysis was carried out, and the p value was set to 0.05. A total number of 306 parents were included. Although most parents, 293 (95.8%), showed satisfaction with the previous GA, 170 (58%) of the satisfied parents preferred regular care. Parents of children who were previously treated under GA for medical-related reasons (p = 0.018), fathers working in a governmental sector (p = 0.021), and families with low-average monthly income (p = 0.017) significantly preferred regular care. In conclusion, most parents were satisfied with the previous GA experience. Family income, fathers' occupation, and medical-related factors can influence parental preference for comprehensive dental treatment under general anesthesia if any of their other children require comprehensive dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Bagher
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.B.); (A.N.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.); (M.R.A.S.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Heba Jafar Sabbagh
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.B.); (A.N.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.); (M.R.A.S.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Alaa Nadhreen
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.B.); (A.N.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.); (M.R.A.S.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Najlaa M. Alamoudi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.B.); (A.N.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.); (M.R.A.S.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Abdullah Almushayt
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.B.); (A.N.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.); (M.R.A.S.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Manal Al-Malik
- Pediatric Dental Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha R. Al Shehri
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.B.); (A.N.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.); (M.R.A.S.); (H.M.E.)
| | - Heba Mohamed Elkhodary
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.B.); (A.N.); (N.M.A.); (A.A.); (M.R.A.S.); (H.M.E.)
- Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
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Banaganapalli B, Mallah B, Alghamdi KS, Albaqami WF, Alshaer DS, Alrayes N, Elango R, Shaik NA. Integrative weighted molecular network construction from transcriptomics and genome wide association data to identify shared genetic biomarkers for COPD and lung cancer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274629. [PMID: 36194576 PMCID: PMC9531836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multifactorial progressive airflow obstruction in the lungs, accounting for high morbidity and mortality across the world. This study aims to identify potential COPD blood-based biomarkers by analyzing the dysregulated gene expression patterns in blood and lung tissues with the help of robust computational approaches. The microarray gene expression datasets from blood (136 COPD and 6 controls) and lung tissues (16 COPD and 19 controls) were analyzed to detect shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then these DEGs were used to construct COPD protein network-clusters and functionally enrich them against gene ontology annotation terms. The hub genes in the COPD network clusters were then queried in GWAS catalog and in several cancer expression databases to explore their pathogenic roles in lung cancers. The comparison of blood and lung tissue datasets revealed 63 shared DEGs. Of these DEGs, 12 COPD hub gene-network clusters (SREK1, TMEM67, IRAK2, MECOM, ASB4, C1QTNF2, CDC42BPA, DPF3, DET1, CCDC74B, KHK, and DDX3Y) connected to dysregulations of protein degradation, inflammatory cytokine production, airway remodeling, and immune cell activity were prioritized with the help of protein interactome and functional enrichment analysis. Interestingly, IRAK2 and MECOM hub genes from these COPD network clusters are known for their involvement in different pulmonary diseases. Additional COPD hub genes like SREK1, TMEM67, CDC42BPA, DPF3, and ASB4 were identified as prognostic markers in lung cancer, which is reported in 1% of COPD patients. This study identified 12 gene network- clusters as potential blood based genetic biomarkers for COPD diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (BB); (NAS)
| | - Bayan Mallah
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kawthar Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F. Albaqami
- Department of Science, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Sameer Alshaer
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuha Alrayes
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor A. Shaik
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (BB); (NAS)
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Khouja HI, Ashankyty IM, Bajrai LH, Kumar PKP, Kamal MA, Firoz A, Mobashir M. Multi-staged gene expression profiling reveals potential genes and the critical pathways in kidney cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7240. [PMID: 35508649 PMCID: PMC9065671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the highly complex disease and renal cell carcinoma is the sixth-leading cause of cancer death. In order to understand complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes and kidney diseases, high-throughput data are generated at large scale and it has helped in the research and diagnostic advancement. However, to unravel the meaningful information from such large datasets for comprehensive and minute understanding of cell phenotypes and disease pathophysiology remains a trivial challenge and also the molecular events leading to disease onset and progression are not well understood. With this goal, we have collected gene expression datasets from publicly available dataset which are for two different stages (I and II) for renal cell carcinoma and furthermore, the TCGA and cBioPortal database have been utilized for clinical relevance understanding. In this work, we have applied computational approach to unravel the differentially expressed genes, their networks for the enriched pathways. Based on our results, we conclude that among the most dominantly altered pathways for renal cell carcinoma, are PI3K-Akt, Foxo, endocytosis, MAPK, Tight junction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways and the major source of alteration for these pathways are MAP3K13, CHAF1A, FDX1, ARHGAP26, ITGBL1, C10orf118, MTO1, LAMP2, STAMBP, DLC1, NSMAF, YY1, TPGS2, SCARB2, PRSS23, SYNJ1, CNPPD1, PPP2R5E. In terms of clinical significance, there are large number of differentially expressed genes which appears to be playing critical roles in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ishaq Khouja
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibraheem Mohammed Ashankyty
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena Hussein Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Sciences College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - P K Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, 602105, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing/Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Ahmad Firoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- SciLifeLab, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 1031, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abdallah HM, Zakaria EM, El-Halawany AM, Mohamed GA, Safo MK, El-Bassossy HM. Psiadia punctulata major flavonoids alleviate exaggerated vasoconstriction produced by advanced glycation end products. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222101. [PMID: 31491007 PMCID: PMC6730914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated vasoconstriction plays important roles in vascular complication in aging and many diseases like diabetes. Here, we investigated the protective effect of Psiadia punctulata (PP) on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced aggravated vasoconstriction. The effect of total methanol extract of PP leaves (PPT) on AGE-induced vascular injury was studied through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures in order to find the bioactive fraction and isolate the bioactive compounds. Vascular reactivity was studied using the isolated artery technique by adding cumulative concentrations of phenylephrine (PE) or acetyl choline (ACh). In addition, the antiglycating effect, as well as the effect on AGEs intermediates dityrosine and N`-formylkynurenine and their radical scavenging activity were measured. The results showed that PPT alleviated the AGEs-induced aggravated vasoconstriction in a concentration-dependent manner. The bioassay guided fractionation procedures suggested the chloroform fraction (Fr I) to be responsible for the activity. Chemical investigation of this fraction resulted in isolation of four major bioactive compounds that were identified as: umuhengerin (1), gardenin (2), luteolin-3`,4`-dimethyl ether (3), and 5,3`-dihydroxy-6,7,4`,5`-tetramethoxyflavone (4). The four compounds alleviated the exaggerated vasoconstriction in a dose dependent manner. In search for their mechanism of action, we observed that PPT, Fr. I and the isolated compounds did not improve the impaired vasodilation associated with AGEs exposure. PPT, Fr. I and the isolated compounds 1–4 inhibited AGEs formation and their protein oxidation intermediates. Furthermore, PPT, Fr. I and the isolated compounds 1–4 showed weak radical scavenging activity with compound 4 as the most potent. In conclusion, PPT appears to protect against AGEs-induced exaggerated vasoconstriction through antiglycation and radical scavenging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam M. Abdallah
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Esraa M. Zakaria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali M. El-Halawany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hany M. El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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El Meligy OAES, Alamoudi NM, Allazzam SM, El-Housseiny AAM. Biodentine TM versus formocresol pulpotomy technique in primary molars: a 12-month randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:3. [PMID: 30612569 PMCID: PMC6322259 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this clinical study was to prospectively compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of BiodentineTM pulpotomies versus formocresol pulpotomies in children vital primary molars. METHODS A randomized, split-mouth study design was used with a sample of 37 healthy children aged 4- to 8-year-old. A total of 56 pairs (112 teeth) of carious primary teeth, 1 pair per child, were selected for treatment. One tooth from each pair was randomly assigned to either the BiodentineTM pulpotomy group or the formocresol pulpotomy group. Children were followed-up at 3, 6 and 12 months for clinical evaluation and at 6 and 12 months for radiographic evaluation. Data were collected, tabulated and analyzed using Fisher exact and McNemar tests. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS At 12 months, the clinical success rates of both BiodentineTM and formocresol groups were 100%, while the radiographic success rates for BiodentineTM and formocresol groups were 100% and 98.1%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups (P=1). The only observed radiographic failure was furcal radiolucency in the formocresol group at 12-month interval. Pulp canal obliteration was radiographically observed in 10/56 (17.9%) and 7/56 (12.5%) cases in the BiodentineTM and formocresol groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Both BiodentineTM and formocresol pulpotomy techniques demonstrated favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes over a 12-month period without any significant difference. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered on NCT03779698 . Date of Registration: 18 December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abd El Sadek El Meligy
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521 Egypt
| | - Najlaa Mohamed Alamoudi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Mohamed Allazzam
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Dental Department, Comprehensive Specialty Clinics for Security Forces, P.O. Box 1666, AlRass, 51921 Qassim Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza Abdel Mohsen El-Housseiny
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521 Egypt
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Al-Aama JY, Shaik NA, Banaganapalli B, Salama MA, Rashidi O, Sahly AN, Mohsen MO, Shawoosh HA, Shalabi HA, Edreesi MA, Alharthi SE, Wang J, Elango R, Saadah OI. Whole exome sequencing of a consanguineous family identifies the possible modifying effect of a globally rare AK5 allelic variant in celiac disease development among Saudi patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176664. [PMID: 28505210 PMCID: PMC5432167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD), a multi-factorial auto-inflammatory disease of the small intestine, is known to occur in both sporadic and familial forms. Together HLA and Non-HLA genes can explain up to 50% of CD’s heritability. In order to discover the missing heritability due to rare variants, we have exome sequenced a consanguineous Saudi family presenting CD in an autosomal recessive (AR) pattern. We have identified a rare homozygous insertion c.1683_1684insATT, in the conserved coding region of AK5 gene that showed classical AR model segregation in this family. Sequence validation of 200 chromosomes each of sporadic CD cases and controls, revealed that this extremely rare (EXac MAF 0.000008) mutation is highly penetrant among general Saudi populations (MAF is 0.62). Genotype and allelic distribution analysis have indicated that this AK5 (c.1683_1684insATT) mutation is negatively selected among patient groups and positively selected in the control group, in whom it may modify the risk against CD development [p<0.002]. Our observation gains additional support from computational analysis which predicted that Iso561 insertion shifts the existing H-bonds between 400th and 556th amino acid residues lying near the functional domain of adenylate kinase. This shuffling of amino acids and their H-bond interactions is likely to disturb the secondary structure orientation of the polypeptide and induces the gain-of-function in nucleoside phosphate kinase activity of AK5, which may eventually down-regulates the reactivity potential of CD4+ T-cells against gluten antigens. Our study underlines the need to have population-specific genome databases to avoid false leads and to identify true candidate causal genes for the familial form of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Salama
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omran Rashidi
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed N. Sahly
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O. Mohsen
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harbi A. Shawoosh
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Al Edreesi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Dhahran Health Center, Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer E. Alharthi
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Wang
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramu Elango
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (RE); (OIS)
| | - Omar I. Saadah
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (RE); (OIS)
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