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Hossan A. Microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of some novel thiazole-substituted thiosemicarbazone analogues: antimicrobial and anticancer studies. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:1955-1967. [PMID: 37650446 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The increased resistance to antibiotics has compelled researchers to devise novel active compounds targeting multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. A series of thiosemicarbazone derivatives was synthesized by reacting thiosemicarbazide with 2-aryl-4-formylthiazole, 2-aryl-5-formyl-4-methylthiazole, and/or 5-acetyl-2-aryl-4-methylthiazole compounds. These thiosemicarbazone-based thiazole adducts were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against tuberculosis H37Ra and Bovis BCG mycobacteria. Their cytotoxicity was assessed against two cancer cell lines: colonic carcinoma (HCT-116) and cervical cancer (HeLa). Notably, these thiosemicarbazones exhibited minimal cytotoxic effects on these cell lines even at their highest concentrations. Furthermore, the prepared thiosemicarbazone derivatives demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterial pathogens) as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram-negative bacterial pathogens). While most of the prepared thiosemicarbazone derivatives exhibited moderate activity against Candida albicans (a fungal strain), their performance was notable. The thiosemicarbazone-based thiazole adducts were also successfully synthesized using a solvent-free approach under microwave irradiation. Compared with conventional reflux methods, the microwave-assisted technique yielded high thiazole yields within just 5 min, obviating the need for catalysis. This study signifies significant strides toward the rational design of more potent antimycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Hossan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Madhusudhan S, Gupta NV, Rahamathulla M, Chidambaram SB, Osmani RAM, Ghazwani M, Ahmed MM, Farhana SA, Sarhan MY, Tousif AH. Subconjunctival Delivery of Sorafenib-Tosylate-Loaded Cubosomes for Facilitated Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment: Formulation Development, Evaluation, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic (PKPD) Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2419. [PMID: 37896180 PMCID: PMC10610393 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression. Therapeutic delivery to the retina is a challenging phenomenon due to ocular biological barriers. Sorafenib tosylate (ST) is a lipophilic drug with low molecular weight, making it ineffective at bypassing the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) to reach the target site. Cubosomes are potential nanocarriers for encapsulating and releasing such drugs in a sustained manner. The present research aimed to compare the effects of sorafenib-tosylate-loaded cubosome nanocarriers (ST-CUBs) and a sorafenib tosylate suspension (ST-Suspension) via subconjunctival route in an experimental DR model. In this research, ST-CUBs were prepared using the melt dispersion emulsification technique. The distribution of prepared nanoparticles into the posterior eye segments was studied with confocal microscopy. The ST-CUBs were introduced into rats' left eye via subconjunctival injection (SCJ) and compared with ST-Suspension to estimate the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic albino rats were treated with ST-CUBs and ST-Suspension through the SCJ route once a week for 28 days to measure the inhibitory effect of ST on the diabetic retina using histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) examinations. Confocal microscopy and pharmacokinetic studies showed an improved concentration of ST from ST-CUBs in the retina. In the DR model, ST-CUB treatment using the SCJ route exhibited decreased expression levels of VEGF, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules compared to ST-Suspension. From the noted research findings, it was concluded that the CUBs potentially enhanced the ST bioavailability. The study outcomes established that the developed nanocarriers were ideal for delivering the ST-CUBs via the SCJ route to target the retina for facilitated DR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Madhusudhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India;
| | - Naresh Vishal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India;
| | - Mohamed Rahamathulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (S.B.C.); (A.H.T.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology & Research, Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Riyaz Ali M. Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India;
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.); (M.G.)
- Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syeda Ayesha Farhana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Y. Sarhan
- Department of Special Surgery, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Ahmed Hediyal Tousif
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (S.B.C.); (A.H.T.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology & Research, Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
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