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Uskul AK, Kirchner-Häusler A, Vignoles VL, Rodriguez-Bailón R, Castillo VA, Cross SE, Yalçın MG, Harb C, Husnu S, Ishii K, Jin S, Karamaouna P, Kafetsios K, Kateri E, Matamoros-Lima J, Liu D, Miniesy R, Na J, Özkan Z, Pagliaro S, Psaltis C, Rabie D, Teresi M, Uchida Y. Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in Mediterranean societies. J Pers Soc Psychol 2023; 125:471-495. [PMID: 37126053 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Social science research has highlighted "honor" as a central value driving social behavior in Mediterranean societies, which requires individuals to develop and protect a sense of their personal self-worth and their social reputation, through assertiveness, competitiveness, and retaliation in the face of threats. We predicted that members of Mediterranean societies may exhibit a distinctive combination of independent and interdependent social orientation, self-construal, and cognitive style, compared to more commonly studied East Asian and Anglo-Western cultural groups. We compared participants from eight Mediterranean societies (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus [Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities], Lebanon, Egypt) to participants from East Asian (Korea, Japan) and Anglo-Western (the United Kingdom, the United States) societies, using six implicit social orientation indicators, an eight-dimensional self-construal scale, and four cognitive style indicators. Compared with both East Asian and Anglo-Western samples, samples from Mediterranean societies distinctively emphasized several forms of independence (relative intensity of disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, happiness based on disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, dispositional [vs. situational] attribution style, self-construal as different from others, self-directed, self-reliant, self-expressive, and consistent) and interdependence (closeness to in-group [vs. out-group] members, self-construal as connected and committed to close others). Our findings extend previous insights into patterns of cultural orientation beyond commonly examined East-West comparisons to an understudied world region. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Harb
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut
| | - Shenel Husnu
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Mediterranean University
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daqing Liu
- School of Psychology, University of Kent
| | - Rania Miniesy
- Department of Economics, British University in Egypt
| | | | | | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara
| | | | - Dina Rabie
- Department of Economics, British University in Egypt
| | - Manuel Teresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University
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