Zhang L, Wang M, Qiu H, Wei Y, Zhou L, Nian N, Shi Z, Hu D, Ma B. Epicatechin gallate promotes vascularization in co-culture of human osteoblasts and outgrowth endothelial cells.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023;
248:732-745. [PMID:
37354086 PMCID:
PMC10408553 DOI:
10.1177/15353702231171894]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevascularization is crucial for the survival of tissue-engineered bone and further bone repair/regeneration. Since epicatechin gallate (ECG), the most abundant flavanol in green tea, shows potential beneficial effects on endothelial cells and bone cells, we decided to investigate whether it promotes vascularization/angiogenesis and osteogenesis using a co-culture system containing human primary osteoblasts (POBs) and outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs). We found that treatment with ECG (1) significantly enhanced microvessel formation in co-culture of POB and OECs, (2) improved cell viability/proliferation and the angiogenic/osteogenic capacities of OEC/POBs, (3) significantly increased the levels of E-selectin, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, VEGF, and PDGF-BB in co-cultures of POB and OEC, and (4) upregulated HIF-1α, HIF-2α, NF-κB, iNOS, GLUT1, VEGF, and Ang1/2 but downregulated PHD1 in monocultures of OEC or POB. Our findings demonstrate that ECG promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis (probably via HIF signaling) in co-cultures of OECs and POBs. ECG thus has potential applications in the promotion of angiogenesis/vascularization in many tissue constructs including those of bone.
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