1
|
Aprile E, Aalbers J, Agostini F, Alfonsi M, Althueser L, Amaro FD, Antochi VC, Angelino E, Angevaare JR, Arneodo F, Barge D, Baudis L, Bauermeister B, Bellagamba L, Benabderrahmane ML, Berger T, Breur PA, Brown A, Brown E, Bruenner S, Bruno G, Budnik R, Capelli C, Cardoso JMR, Cichon D, Cimmino B, Clark M, Coderre D, Colijn AP, Conrad J, Cussonneau JP, Decowski MP, Depoian A, Di Gangi P, Di Giovanni A, Di Stefano R, Diglio S, Elykov A, Eurin G, Ferella AD, Fulgione W, Gaemers P, Gaior R, Rosso AG, Galloway M, Gao F, Grandi L, Garbini M, Hasterok C, Hils C, Hiraide K, Hoetzsch L, Hogenbirk E, Howlett J, Iacovacci M, Itow Y, Joerg F, Kato N, Kazama S, Kobayashi M, Koltman G, Kopec A, Landsman H, Lang RF, Levinson L, Lin Q, Lindemann S, Lindner M, Lombardi F, Lopes JAM, López Fune E, Macolino C, Mahlstedt J, Manenti L, Manfredini A, Marignetti F, Undagoitia TM, Martens K, Masbou J, Masson D, Mastroianni S, Messina M, Miuchi K, Molinario A, Morå K, Moriyama S, Mosbacher Y, Murra M, Naganoma J, Ni K, Oberlack U, Odgers K, Palacio J, Pelssers B, Peres R, Pienaar J, Pizzella V, Plante G, Qin J, Qiu H, García DR, Reichard S, Rocchetti A, Rupp N, Santos JMFD, Sartorelli G, Šarčević N, Scheibelhut M, Schindler S, Schreiner J, Schulte D, Schumann M, Lavina LS, Selvi M, Semeria F, Shagin P, Shockley E, Silva M, Simgen H, Takeda A, Therreau C, Thers D, Toschi F, Trinchero G, Tunnell C, Vargas M, Volta G, Wack O, Wang H, Wei Y, Weinheimer C, Weiss M, Wenz D, Westermann J, Wittweg C, Wulf J, Xu Z, Yamashita M, Ye J, Zavattini G, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Zopounidis JP. 222 Rn emanation measurements for the XENON1T experiment. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2021; 81:337. [PMID: 34720714 PMCID: PMC8550029 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The selection of low-radioactive construction materials is of utmost importance for the success of low-energy rare event search experiments. Besides radioactive contaminants in the bulk, the emanation of radioactive radon atoms from material surfaces attains increasing relevance in the effort to further reduce the background of such experiments. In this work, we present the 222 Rn emanation measurements performed for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. Together with the bulk impurity screening campaign, the results enabled us to select the radio-purest construction materials, targeting a 222 Rn activity concentration of 10 μ Bq / kg in 3.2 t of xenon. The knowledge of the distribution of the 222 Rn sources allowed us to selectively eliminate problematic components in the course of the experiment. The predictions from the emanation measurements were compared to data of the 222 Rn activity concentration in XENON1T. The final 222 Rn activity concentration of ( 4.5 ± 0.1 ) μ Bq / kg in the target of XENON1T is the lowest ever achieved in a xenon dark matter experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Aprile
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - J. Aalbers
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Agostini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Alfonsi
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L. Althueser
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F. D. Amaro
- Department of Physics, LIBPhys, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - V. C. Antochi
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Angelino
- Department of Physics, INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - J. R. Angevaare
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. Arneodo
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - D. Barge
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Baudis
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B. Bauermeister
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Bellagamba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - T. Berger
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - P. A. Breur
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Brown
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E. Brown
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - S. Bruenner
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. Bruno
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - R. Budnik
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
- Simons Center for Geometry and Physics and C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - C. Capelli
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. M. R. Cardoso
- Department of Physics, LIBPhys, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D. Cichon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Cimmino
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - M. Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - D. Coderre
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A. P. Colijn
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. P. Cussonneau
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - M. P. Decowski
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Depoian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - P. Di Gangi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Di Giovanni
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - R. Di Stefano
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - S. Diglio
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - A. Elykov
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - G. Eurin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. D. Ferella
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - W. Fulgione
- Department of Physics, INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - P. Gaemers
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Gaior
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - A. Gallo Rosso
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - M. Galloway
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F. Gao
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - L. Grandi
- Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - M. Garbini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Hasterok
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Hils
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Hiraide
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 Japan
| | - L. Hoetzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E. Hogenbirk
- Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Howlett
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - M. Iacovacci
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Y. Itow
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - F. Joerg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N. Kato
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 Japan
| | - S. Kazama
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - M. Kobayashi
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - G. Koltman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - A. Kopec
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - H. Landsman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - R. F. Lang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - L. Levinson
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - Q. Lin
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - S. Lindemann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Lindner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F. Lombardi
- Department of Physics, LIBPhys, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. A. M. Lopes
- Department of Physics, LIBPhys, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Polytechnic - ISEC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E. López Fune
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - C. Macolino
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J. Mahlstedt
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Manenti
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - A. Manfredini
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F. Marignetti
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - K. Martens
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 Japan
| | - J. Masbou
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - D. Masson
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Mastroianni
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - M. Messina
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - K. Miuchi
- Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - A. Molinario
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - K. Morå
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Moriyama
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 Japan
| | - Y. Mosbacher
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - M. Murra
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J. Naganoma
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - K. Ni
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - U. Oberlack
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Odgers
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA
| | - J. Palacio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - B. Pelssers
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. Peres
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Pienaar
- Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - V. Pizzella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G. Plante
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - J. Qin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - H. Qiu
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - D. Ramírez García
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Reichard
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. Rocchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - N. Rupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. M. F. dos Santos
- Department of Physics, LIBPhys, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - G. Sartorelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - N. Šarčević
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Scheibelhut
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Schindler
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Schreiner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Schulte
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M. Schumann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L. Scotto Lavina
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - M. Selvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Semeria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - P. Shagin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - E. Shockley
- Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - M. Silva
- Department of Physics, LIBPhys, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H. Simgen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Takeda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 Japan
| | - C. Therreau
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - D. Thers
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - F. Toschi
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - G. Trinchero
- Department of Physics, INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, University of Torino and INFN-Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - C. Tunnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - M. Vargas
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - G. Volta
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O. Wack
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Wang
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Y. Wei
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - C. Weinheimer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M. Weiss
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - D. Wenz
- Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Westermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Wittweg
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J. Wulf
- Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Z. Xu
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - M. Yamashita
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka, Hida, Gifu 506-1205 Japan
- Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - J. Ye
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - G. Zavattini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sez. di Ferrara and Dip. di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, Edificio C, I-44122, Ferrara (FE), Italy
| | - Y. Zhang
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - T. Zhu
- Physics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - J. P. Zopounidis
- LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|