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Lee T, Park J, Oh SH, Cheong DY, Roh S, You JH, Hong Y, Lee G. Glucose Oxidase Activity Colorimetric Assay Using Redox-Sensitive Electrochromic Nanoparticle-Functionalized Paper Sensors. ACS Omega 2024; 9:15493-15501. [PMID: 38585131 PMCID: PMC10993408 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOx) activity assays are vital for various applications, including glucose metabolism estimation and fungal testing. However, conventional methods involve time-consuming and complex procedures. In this study, we present a colorimetric platform for in situ GOx activity measurement utilizing redox-sensitive electrochromic nanoparticles based on polyaniline (PAni). The glucose-adsorbed colorimetric paper sensor, herein termed Glu@CPS, is created by immobilizing ferrocene and glucose onto paper substrates that have been functionalized with PAni nanoparticles. Glu@CPS not only demonstrated rapid detection (within 5 min) but also exhibited remarkable selectivity for GOx and a limit of detection as low as 1.25 μM. Moreover, Glu@CPS demonstrated consistent accuracy in the measurement of GOx activity, exhibiting no deviations even after being stored at ambient temperature for a duration of one month. To further corroborate the effectiveness of this method, we applied Glu@CPS in the detection of GOx activity in a moldy red wine. The results highlight the promising potential of Glu@CPS as a convenient and precise platform for GOx activity measurement in diverse applications including food quality control, environmental monitoring, and early detection of fungal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeha Lee
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea
University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Park
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea
University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Oh
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea
University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Da Yeon Cheong
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea
University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Seokbeom Roh
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea
University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun You
- Division
of Convergence Business, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
| | - Yoochan Hong
- Department
of Medical Device, Korea Institute of Machinery
and Materials (KIMM), Daegu 42994, South Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department
of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea
University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea
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Lee DU, Jeong SB, Lee BJ, Park SK, Kim HM, Shin JH, Lee SY, Kim G, Park J, Kim GM, Jung JH, Choi DY. Antimicrobial and Antifouling Effects of Petal-Like Nanostructure by Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly for Personal Protective Equipment. Small 2024; 20:e2306324. [PMID: 37990401 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the personal protective equipment (PPE) used by healthcare workers (HCWs) effectively blocks hazardous substances and pathogens, it does not fully rule out the possibility of infection, as pathogens surviving on the fabric surface pose a substantial risk of cross-infection through unintended means. Therefore, PPE materials that exhibit effective biocidal activity while minimizing contamination by viscous body fluids (e.g., blood and saliva) and pathogen-laden droplets are highly sought. In this study, petal-like nanostructures (PNSs) are synthesized through the vertical rearrangement of colloidal lamellar bilayers via evaporation-induced self-assembly of octadecylamine, silica-alumina sol, and diverse photosensitizer. The developed method is compatible with various fabrics and imparts visible-light-activated antimicrobial and superhydrophobic-based antifouling activities. PNS-coated fabrics could provide a high level of protection and effectively block pathogen transmission as exemplified by their ability to roll off viscous body fluids reducing bacterial droplet adhesion and to inactivate various microorganisms. The combination of antifouling and photobiocidal activities results in the complete inactivation of sprayed pathogen-laden droplets within 30 min. Thus, this study paves the way for effective contagious disease management and the protection of HCWs in general medical environments, inspiring further research on the fabrication of materials that integrate multiple useful functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Uk Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Jeong
- Indoor Environment Center, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Jin Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kye Park
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Mi Kim
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hak Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghun Park
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Man Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon, 38822, Republic of Korea
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Kim Y, Han I, Jung J, Yang S, Lee S, Koo B, Ahn S, Nam Y, Song SH. Measurements of Electrodermal Activity, Tissue Oxygen Saturation, and Visual Analog Scale for Different Cuff Pressures. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:917. [PMID: 38339639 PMCID: PMC10857413 DOI: 10.3390/s24030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The quantification of comfort in binding parts, essential human-machine interfaces (HMI) for the functioning of rehabilitation robots, is necessary to reduce physical strain on the user despite great achievements in their structure and control. This study aims to investigate the physiological impacts of binding parts by measuring electrodermal activity (EDA) and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). In Experiment 1, EDA was measured from 13 healthy subjects under three different pressure conditions (10, 20, and 30 kPa) for 1 min using a pneumatic cuff on the right thigh. In Experiment 2, EDA and StO2 were measured from 10 healthy subjects for 5 min. To analyze the correlation between EDA parameters and the decrease in StO2, a survey using the visual analog scale (VAS) was conducted to assess the level of discomfort at each pressure. The EDA signal was decomposed into phasic and tonic components, and the EDA parameters were extracted from these two components. RM ANOVA and a post hoc paired t-test were used to determine significant differences in parameters as the pressure increased. The results showed that EDA parameters and the decrease in StO2 significantly increased with the pressure increase. Among the extracted parameters, the decrease in StO2 and the mean SCL proved to be effective indicators. Such analysis outcomes would be highly beneficial for studies focusing on the comfort assessment of the binding parts of rehabilitation robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (I.H.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (S.L.); (B.K.)
| | - Incheol Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (I.H.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (S.L.); (B.K.)
| | - Jeyong Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (I.H.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (S.L.); (B.K.)
| | - Sumin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (I.H.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (S.L.); (B.K.)
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (I.H.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (S.L.); (B.K.)
| | - Bummo Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (I.H.); (J.J.); (S.Y.); (S.L.); (B.K.)
| | - Soonjae Ahn
- Institute of Smart Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yejin Nam
- Department of Clinical Development, Angel Robotics, Seoul 04798, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Hyuk Song
- Department of Robotics & Mechatronics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea;
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Lee D, Kim Y, Hong KJ, Lee G, Kim HJ, Shin D, Han B. Strategies for Effective Management of Indoor Air Quality in a Kindergarten: CO 2 and Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations. Toxics 2023; 11:931. [PMID: 37999583 PMCID: PMC10674382 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The educational and play-related activities of children proceed mainly indoors in a kindergarten. High concentrations of indoor PM2.5 and CO2 have been linked to various harmful effects on children, considerably impacting their educational outcomes in kindergarten. In this study, we explore different scenarios involving the operation of mechanical ventilation systems and air purifiers in kindergartens. Using numerical models to analyze indoor CO2 and PM2.5 concentration, we aim to optimize strategies that effectively reduce these harmful pollutants. We found that the amount of ventilation required to maintain good air quality, per child, was approximately 20.4 m3/h. However, we also found that as the amount of ventilation increased, so did the concentration of indoor PM2.5; we found that this issue can be resolved using a high-grade filter (i.e., a MERV 13 grade filter with a collection efficiency of 75%). This study provides a scientific basis for reducing PM2.5 concentrations in kindergartens, while keeping CO2 levels low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Lee
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea (H.-J.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea (H.-J.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jung Hong
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea (H.-J.K.)
| | - Gunhee Lee
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hak-Joon Kim
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea (H.-J.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Shin
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea (H.-J.K.)
| | - Bangwoo Han
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea (H.-J.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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5
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Shin D, Kim Y, Hong KJ, Lee G, Park I, Kim HJ, Kim S, Hwang CH, Noh KC, Han B. The Effectiveness of a Mechanical Ventilation System for Indoor PM 2.5 in Residential Houses. Toxics 2023; 11:912. [PMID: 37999564 PMCID: PMC10675534 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical ventilation systems used in houses are designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions while minimizing the energy loss resulting from ventilation. However, the increase in indoor fine particulate (PM2.5) concentration because of external PM2.5 influx through the ventilation system poses a problem. Here, we analyzed the changes in indoor PM2.5 concentration, distinguishing between cases of high and low outdoor PM2.5 concentrations and considering the efficiency of the filters used in residential mechanical ventilation systems. When using filters with the minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 10 in the ventilation system, the outdoor PM2.5 concentration was 5 μg/m³; compared to the initial concentration, the indoor PM2.5 concentration after 60 min decreased to 73%. When the outdoor PM2.5 concentration was 30-40 μg/m³, the indoor PM2.5 concentration reached 91%. However, when MERV 13 filters were used, the indoor PM2.5 concentration consistently dropped to 73-76%, regardless of the outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Furthermore, by comparing the established equation with the mass balance model, the error was confirmed to be within 5%, indicating a good fit. This allows for the prediction of indoor PM2.5 under various conditions when using mechanical ventilation systems, enabling the formulation of strategies for maintaining indoor PM2.5, as recommended by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Shin
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Deajeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Deajeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (H.-J.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jung Hong
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Deajeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Gunhee Lee
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Deajeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Inyong Park
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Deajeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hak-Joon Kim
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Deajeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Air Lab, Inc., Gwangju 62278, Republic of Korea (K.-C.N.)
| | | | - Kwang-Chul Noh
- Air Lab, Inc., Gwangju 62278, Republic of Korea (K.-C.N.)
| | - Bangwoo Han
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Deajeon 34103, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (H.-J.K.)
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Yoon H, Min T, Kim SH, Lee G, Oh D, Choi DC, Kim S. Effect of activated carbon electrode material characteristics on hardness control performance of membrane capacitive deionization. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31480-31486. [PMID: 37901265 PMCID: PMC10603821 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05615e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an electrochemical-based water treatment technology that has attracted attention as an effective hardness-control process. However, few systematic studies have reported the criteria for the selection of suitable electrode materials for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) to control hardness. In this study, the effect of electrode material characteristics on the MCDI performance for hardness control was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the deionization capacity and the deionization rate were affected by the specific capacitance and BET-specific surface area of the activated carbon electrode. In addition, the deionization rate also showed significant relationship with the BET specific surface area. Furthermore, it was observed that the deionization capacity and the deionization rate have a highly significant relationship with the BET specific surface area divided by the wettability performance expressed as the minimum wetting rate (MWR). These findings highlighted that the electrode material should have a large surface area and good wettability to increase the deionization capacity and the deionization rate of MCDI for hardness control. The results of this study are expected to provide effective criteria for selecting MCDI electrode materials aiming hardness control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsik Yoon
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Taijin Min
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhee Lee
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Oh
- EHS Research Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Gyeonggi-do 18448 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Choi
- EHS Research Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Gyeonggi-do 18448 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Kim
- EHS Research Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Gyeonggi-do 18448 Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Kim S, Kim B, Choi J, Ahn S. Study of Through Glass Via (TGV) Using Bessel Beam, Ultrashort Two-Pulses of Laser and Selective Chemical Etching. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1766. [PMID: 37763929 PMCID: PMC10536211 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Selective laser etching is a promising candidate for the mass production of glass interposers. It comprises two steps: local modification by an ultrashort-pulsed laser and chemical etching of the modified volume. According to previous studies, when an ultrashort-pulsed laser beam is irradiated on the sample, electron excitation occurs, followed by phonon vibration. In general, the electron excitation occurs for less than a few tens of picoseconds and phonon vibration occurs for more than 100 picoseconds. Thus, in order to compare the electric absorption and thermal absorption of photons in the commercial glass, we attempt to implement an additional laser pulse of 213 ps and 10 ns after the first pulse. The modified glass sample is etched with 8 mol/L KOH solution with 110 °C to verify the effect. Here, we found that the electric absorption of photons is more effective than the thermal absorption of them. We can claim that this result helps to enhance the process speed of TGV generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyeok Kim
- Department of Laser & Electron Beam Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Robot∙Manufacturing Systems), University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungil Kim
- Department of Laser & Electron Beam Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Department of Laser & Electron Beam Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Department of Laser & Electron Beam Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Robot∙Manufacturing Systems), University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Ahn
- Department of Laser & Electron Beam Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Robot∙Manufacturing Systems), University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Choi M, Lee Y, You Y, Cho C, Jeong W, Seong I, Choi B, Kim S, Seol Y, You S, Yeom GY. Characterization of SiO 2 Plasma Etching with Perfluorocarbon (C 4F 8 and C 6F 6) and Hydrofluorocarbon (CHF 3 and C 4H 2F 6) Precursors for the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5624. [PMID: 37629915 PMCID: PMC10456486 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes the use of environmentally friendly alternatives, C6F6 and C4H2F6, as perfluorocarbon (PFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) precursors, respectively, for SiO2 plasma etching, instead of conventional precursors C4F8 and CHF3. The study employs scanning electron microscopy for etch profile analysis and quadrupole mass spectrometry for plasma diagnosis. Ion bombardment energy at the etching conditions is determined through self-bias voltage measurements, while densities of radical species are obtained using quadrupole mass spectroscopy. The obtained results compare the etch performance, including etch rate and selectivity, between C4F8 and C6F6, as well as between CHF3 and C4H2F6. Furthermore, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are evaluated using a million metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent, indicating significantly lower emissions when replacing conventional precursors with the proposed alternatives. The results suggest that a significant GHG emissions reduction can be achieved from the investigated alternatives without a deterioration in SiO2 etching characteristics. This research contributes to the development of alternative precursors for reducing global warming impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Choi
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.C.); (W.J.); (I.S.); (B.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yebin You
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.C.); (W.J.); (I.S.); (B.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Chulhee Cho
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.C.); (W.J.); (I.S.); (B.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Wonnyoung Jeong
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.C.); (W.J.); (I.S.); (B.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Inho Seong
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.C.); (W.J.); (I.S.); (B.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Byeongyeop Choi
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.C.); (W.J.); (I.S.); (B.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sijun Kim
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Youbin Seol
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shinjae You
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.C.); (W.J.); (I.S.); (B.C.); (S.Y.)
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Geun Young Yeom
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Lee JH, Han MW. Design and Evaluation of Smart Textile Actuator with Chain Structure. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5517. [PMID: 37629808 PMCID: PMC10456553 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Textiles composed of fibers can have their mechanical properties adjusted by changing the arrangement of the fibers, such as strength and flexibility. Particularly, in the case of smart textiles incorporating active materials, various deformations could be created based on fiber patterns that determine the directivity of active materials. In this study, we design a smart fiber-based textile actuator with a chain structure and evaluate its actuation characteristics. Smart fiber composed of shape memory alloy (SMA) generates deformation when the electric current is applied, causing the phase transformation of SMA. We fabricated the smart chain column and evaluated its actuating mechanism based on the size of the chain and the number of rows. In addition, a crochet textile actuator was designed using interlooping smart chains and developed into a soft gripper that can grab objects. With experimental verifications, this study provides an investigation of the relationship between the chain actuator's deformation, actuating force, actuator temperature, and strain. The results of this study are expected to be relevant to textile applications, wearable devices, and other technical fields that require coordination with the human body. Additionally, it is expected that it can be utilized to configure a system capable of flexible operation by combining rigid elements such as batteries and sensors with textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1 gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1 gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1 gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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10
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Nguyen TS, Gafurov AN, Jo J, Lee TM, Lee SH, Kim K. Multi-Geometry Parameters Optimization of Large-Area Roll-to-Roll Nanoimprint Module Using Grey Relational Analysis and Artificial Neural Network. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2909. [PMID: 37447554 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro- and nanofabrication on polymer substrate is integral to the development of flexible electronic devices, including touch screens, transparent conductive electrodes, organic photovoltaics, batteries, and wearable devices. The demand for flexible and wearable devices has spurred interest in large-area, high-throughput production methods. Roll-to-roll (R2R) nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a promising technique for producing nano-scale patterns rapidly and continuously. However, bending in a large-scale R2R system can result in non-uniform force distribution during the imprinting process, which reduces pattern quality. This study investigates the effects of R2R imprinting module geometry parameters on force distribution via simulation, using grey relational analysis to identify optimal parameter levels and ANOVA to determine the percentage of each parameter contribution. The study also investigates the length and force ratio on a backup roller used for bending compensation. The simulation results and the artificial neural network (ANN) model enable the prediction of nip pressure and force distribution non-uniformity along the roller, allowing the selection of the optimal roller geometry and force ratio for minimal non-uniformity on a specific R2R system. An experiment was conducted to validate the simulation results and ANN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Sinh Nguyen
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Anton Nailevich Gafurov
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongdai Jo
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Taik-Min Lee
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Park Y, Liu P, Lee S, Cho J, Joo E, Kim HU, Kim T. Diagnosing Time-Varying Harmonics in Low-k Oxide Thin Film (SiOF) Deposition by Using HDP CVD. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5563. [PMID: 37420730 DOI: 10.3390/s23125563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This study identified time-varying harmonic characteristics in a high-density plasma (HDP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber by depositing low-k oxide (SiOF). The characteristics of harmonics are caused by the nonlinear Lorentz force and the nonlinear nature of the sheath. In this study, a noninvasive directional coupler was used to collect harmonic power in the forward and reverse directions, which were low frequency (LF) and high bias radio frequency (RF). The intensity of the 2nd and 3rd harmonics responded to the LF power, pressure, and gas flow rate introduced for plasma generation. Meanwhile, the intensity of the 6th harmonic responded to the oxygen fraction in the transition step. The intensity of the 7th (forward) and 10th (in reverse) harmonic of the bias RF power depended on the underlying layers (silicon rich oxide (SRO) and undoped silicate glass (USG)) and the deposition of the SiOF layer. In particular, the 10th (reverse) harmonic of the bias RF power was identified using electrodynamics in a double capacitor model of the plasma sheath and the deposited dielectric material. The plasma-induced electronic charging effect on the deposited film resulted in the time-varying characteristic of the 10th harmonic (in reverse) of the bias RF power. The wafer-to-wafer consistency and stability of the time-varying characteristic were investigated. The findings of this study can be applied to in situ diagnosis of SiOF thin film deposition and optimization of the deposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pengzhan Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinill Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Joo
- ComdelKorea, Ltd., 120 Heungdeokjungang-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin 16950, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-U Kim
- Department of Plasma Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ham J, Kim HU, Jeon N. Key Factors in Enhancing Pseudocapacitive Properties of PANI-InO x Hybrid Thin Films Prepared by Sequential Infiltration Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2616. [PMID: 37376262 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) is an emerging vapor-phase synthetic route for the preparation of organic-inorganic composites. Previously, we investigated the potential of polyaniline (PANI)-InOx composite thin films prepared using SIS for application in electrochemical energy storage. In this study, we investigated the effects of the number of InOx SIS cycles on the chemical and electrochemical properties of PANI-InOx thin films via combined characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The area-specific capacitance values of PANI-InOx samples prepared with 10, 20, 50, and 100 SIS cycles were 1.1, 0.8, 1.4, and 0.96 mF/cm², respectively. Our result shows that the formation of an enlarged PANI-InOx mixed region directly exposed to the electrolyte is key to enhancing the pseudocapacitive properties of the composite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Ham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-U Kim
- Department of Plasma Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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13
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Seol Y, Choi M, Chang H, You S. Study on OH Radical Production Depending on the Pulse Characteristics in an Atmospheric-Pressure Nanosecond-Pulsed Plasma Jet. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16103846. [PMID: 37241472 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radicals (OH) play a crucial role in plasma-bio applications. As pulsed plasma operation is preferred, and even expanded to the nanosecond range, it is essential to study the relationship between OH radical production and pulse characteristics. In this study, we use optical emission spectroscopy to investigate OH radical production with nanosecond pulse characteristics. The experimental results reveal that longer pulses generate more OH radicals. To confirm the effect of pulse properties on OH radical generation, we conduct computational chemical simulations, focusing on two types of pulse properties: pulse instant power and pulse width. The simulation results show that, similar to the experimental results, longer pulses generate more OH radicals. In the nanosecond range, reaction time is critical for OH radical generation. In terms of chemical aspects, N2 metastable species mainly contribute to OH radical generation. It is a unique behavior observed in nanosecond range pulsed operation. Furthermore, humidity can turn over the tendency of OH radical production in nanosecond pulses. In a humid condition, shorter pulses are advantageous for generating OH radicals. Electrons play key roles in this condition and high instant power contributes to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Seol
- Applied Physics Lab for Plasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Choi
- Applied Physics Lab for Plasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoung Chang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinjae You
- Applied Physics Lab for Plasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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14
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Jeong W, Kim S, Lee Y, Cho C, Seong I, You Y, Choi M, Lee J, Seol Y, You S. Contribution of Ion Energy and Flux on High-Aspect Ratio SiO 2 Etching Characteristics in a Dual-Frequency Capacitively Coupled Ar/C 4F 8 Plasma: Individual Ion Energy and Flux Controlled. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16103820. [PMID: 37241447 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As the process complexity has been increased to overcome challenges in plasma etching, individual control of internal plasma parameters for process optimization has attracted attention. This study investigated the individual contribution of internal parameters, the ion energy and flux, on high-aspect ratio SiO2 etching characteristics for various trench widths in a dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma system with Ar/C4F8 gases. We established an individual control window of ion flux and energy by adjusting dual-frequency power sources and measuring the electron density and self-bias voltage. We separately varied the ion flux and energy with the same ratio from the reference condition and found that the increase in ion energy shows higher etching rate enhancement than that in the ion flux with the same increase ratio in a 200 nm pattern width. Based on a volume-averaged plasma model analysis, the weak contribution of the ion flux results from the increase in heavy radicals, which is inevitably accompanied with the increase in the ion flux and forms a fluorocarbon film, preventing etching. At the 60 nm pattern width, the etching stops at the reference condition and it remains despite increasing ion energy, which implies the surface charging-induced etching stops. The etching, however, slightly increased with the increasing ion flux from the reference condition, revealing the surface charge removal accompanied with conducting fluorocarbon film formation by heavy radicals. In addition, the entrance width of an amorphous carbon layer (ACL) mask enlarges with increasing ion energy, whereas it relatively remains constant with that of ion energy. These findings can be utilized to optimize the SiO2 etching process in high-aspect ratio etching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonnyoung Jeong
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sijun Kim
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhee Cho
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Seong
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yebin You
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Choi
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangjae Lee
- Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbin Seol
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinjae You
- Applied Physics Lab for PLasma Engineering (APPLE), Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems (IQS), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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15
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Jung SI, Jang IR, Ryu C, Park J, Padhan AM, Kim HJ. Graphene oxide decorated multi-frequency surface acoustic wave humidity sensor for hygienic applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6838. [PMID: 37100930 PMCID: PMC10133308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents the single-chip integration of a multi-frequency surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR) based humidity sensor. Graphene oxide (GO), a humidity-sensing material, is integrated onto a confined sensing area of SAWR via electrospray deposition (ESD). The ESD method allows ng-resolution deposition of GO, optimizing the amount of sensing material. The proposed sensor consists of SWARs at three different resonant frequencies (180, 200 and 250 MHz) with a shared common sensing region, thus allowing direct analysis of sensor performances at different operating frequencies. Our findings reveal that the resonant frequency of the sensor impacts both measurement sensitivity and stability. A higher operating frequency ensures better sensitivity but suffers from a larger damping effect from absorbed water molecules. The maximum measurement sensitivity of 17.4 ppm/RH% is achieved with low drift. In addition, the developed sensor exhibits improved stability and sensitivity by as much as 150% and 75% in frequency shift and Quality factor (Q), respectively, by carefully selecting the operating frequencies at a given RH% range. Finally, the sensors are used for various hygienic applications, such as non-contact proximity detection and face mask inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon In Jung
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Il Ryu Jang
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Chaehyun Ryu
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Jeonhyeong Park
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Aneeta Manjari Padhan
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Hoe Joon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea.
- Robotics and Mechatronics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
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16
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Shim HC, Kim J, Park SY, Kim BS, Jang B, Lee HJ, Kim A, Hyun S, Kim JH. Full-color micro-LED display with photo-patternable and highly ambient-stable perovskite quantum dot/siloxane composite as color conversion layers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4836. [PMID: 36964232 PMCID: PMC10039071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we successfully fabricated color conversion layers (CCLs) for full-color-mico-LED display using a perovskite quantum dot (PQD)/siloxane composite by ligand exchanged PQD with silane composite followed by surface activation by an addition of halide-anion containing salt. Due to this surface activation, it was possible to construct the PQD surface with a silane ligand using a non-polar organic solvent that does not damage the PQD. As a result, the ligand-exchanged PQD with a silane compound exhibited high dispersibility in the siloxane matrix and excellent atmospheric stability due to sol-gel condensation. Based on highly ambient stable PQD/siloxane composite based CCLs, full-color micro-LED display has a 1 mm pixel pitch, about 25.4 pixels per inch (PPI) resolution was achieved. In addition, due to the thin thickness of the black matrix to prevent blue light interference, the possibility of a flexible display that can be operated without damage even with a bending radius of 5 mm was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Cheoul Shim
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juho Kim
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Sung Kim
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkyun Jang
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Joo Lee
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Meta-Materials (CAMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Kim
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Hyun
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Nano-Mechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), 156, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Kang M, Han YJ, Han MW. A Shape Memory Alloy-Based Soft Actuator Mimicking an Elephant's Trunk. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051126. [PMID: 36904367 PMCID: PMC10037410 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft actuators that execute diverse motions have recently been proposed to improve the usability of soft robots. Nature-inspired actuators, in particular, are emerging as a means of accomplishing efficient motions based on the flexibility of natural creatures. In this research, we present an actuator capable of executing multi-degree-of-freedom motions that mimics the movement of an elephant's trunk. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) that actively react to external stimuli were integrated into actuators constructed of soft polymers to imitate the flexible body and muscles of an elephant's trunk. The amount of electrical current provided to each SMA was adjusted for each channel to achieve the curving motion of the elephant's trunk, and the deformation characteristics were observed by varying the quantity of current supplied to each SMA. It was feasible to stably lift and lower a cup filled with water by using the operation of wrapping and lifting objects, as well as effectively performing the lifting task of surrounding household items of varying weights and forms. The designed actuator is a soft gripper that incorporates a flexible polymer and an SMA to imitate the flexible and efficient gripping action of an elephant trunk, and its fundamental technology is expected to be used as a safety-enhancing gripper that requires environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchae Kang
- Advanced Manufacturing & Soft Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Han
- Advanced Manufacturing & Soft Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Han
- Advanced Manufacturing & Soft Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Manufacturing & Soft Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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18
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Kim HU, Seok H, Kang WS, Kim T. The first progress of plasma-based transition metal dichalcogenide synthesis: a stable 1T phase and promising applications. Nanoscale Adv 2022; 4:2962-2972. [PMID: 36133517 PMCID: PMC9417878 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted attention as polymorphs depending on their phases (1T and 2H) when applying typical synthesis methods. The 2H phase is generally synthesised through chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on a wafer-scale at high temperatures, and many synthesis methods have been reported owing to their thermodynamic stability and semiconductor properties. By contrast, although the 1T phase is meta-stable with an octahedral coordination, thereby limiting the use of synthesis methods, the recent structural advantage in terms of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been emphasised. Despite this demand, no large-area thin-film synthesis method for 1T-TMDs has been developed. Among several strategies of synthesizing metallic-phase (1T) TMDs, chemical exfoliation (alkali metal intercalation) is a major strategy and others have been used for electron-beam irradiation, laser irradiation, defects, plasma hot electron transfer, and mechanical strain. Therefore, we suggest an innovative synthesis method using plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) for both the 1T and 2H phases of TMDs (MoS2 and WS2). Because ions and radicals are accelerated to the substrate within the sheath region, a high-temperature source is not needed for vapour ionisation, and thus the process temperature can be significantly lowered (150 °C). Moreover, a 4-inch wafer-scale of a thin film is an advantage and can be synthesised on arbitrary substrates (SiO2/Si wafer, glassy carbon electrode, Teflon, and polyimide). Furthermore, the PECVD method was applied to TMD-graphene heterostructure films with a graphene-transferred substrate, and for the first time, sequential metal seed layer depositions of W (1 nm) and Mo (1 nm) were sulfurized to MoS2-WS2 vertical heterostructures with Ar + H2S plasma. We considered the prospects and challenges of the new PECVD method in the development of practical applications in next-generation integrated electronics, HER catalysts, and flexible biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-U Kim
- Department of Plasma Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM) Daejeon 34103 Korea
| | - Hyunho Seok
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
| | - Woo Seok Kang
- Department of Plasma Engineering, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM) Daejeon 34103 Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea
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19
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Nguyen VP, Kim D, Lee SM. Tuning the Thermal Conductivity of the Amorphous PAA Polymer via Vapor-Phase Infiltration. ACS Omega 2021; 6:29054-29059. [PMID: 34746594 PMCID: PMC8567350 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The thermal properties of the polymer, together with mechanical stability, have been one of the key engineering factors to be considered for various applications. Here, we engineered the thermal conductivity of the amorphous poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymer by vapor-phase infiltration (VPI), which has usually occurred during the atomic layer deposition process. We observed that the VPI causes metal infiltration (e.g., Al and Zn) into the amorphous PAA polymer, which noticeably increases the thermal conductivity of the PAA polymer. From spectroscopy analysis and density functional theory simulations, we found that the carboxyl groups (-COOH) in PAA are notably modified and the bonding states of carbon and oxygen are significantly altered by the infiltrated metal. The newly formed Al-mediated bonds likely provide continuous phonon propagation pathways, thereby enhancing the thermal conductance. We believe that VPI could be a simple and useful way to engineer the thermal properties of various polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Phuong Nguyen
- Department
of Nanomechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery
and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
- Nano
Mechatronics, Korea University of Science
and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Duckjong Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National
University, 171 Jang-dong, Yousung-gu, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Lee
- Department
of Nanomechanics, Korea Institute of Machinery
and Materials (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
- Nano
Mechatronics, Korea University of Science
and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
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20
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Kang B, Choi S, Kim K, Jung HS, Kwak MK. Precise Microfluidic Luminescent Sensor Platform with Controlled Injection System. ACS Omega 2021; 6:23412-23420. [PMID: 34549140 PMCID: PMC8444323 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have been devoted to screening various prevalent diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which is currently the most widely used, has high accuracy, but it requires several facilities and takes a relatively long time to check; so, new testing technology is necessary for a higher test efficiency. A chemiluminescence (CL) sensor is a relatively simple device and suitable as an alternative because it can detect very precise specimens. However, in measurements via CL, the quantitative formulation of reagents that cause color development is important. In the case of mixing using micropipettes, precise analysis is possible, but this technique is limited by uncontrollable errors or deviations in detection amounts. In addition, in using a microfluidic chip to increase field applicability, a syringe pump or other quantification injection tools are required, so problems must be overcome for practical use. Therefore, in this study, a microchip was designed and manufactured to supply a sample of a certain volume by simply blowing air and injecting a sample into the chamber. By utilizing the luminescence reaction of luminol, CuSO4 and H2O2 the performance of the prepared chip was confirmed, and the desired amount of the sample could be injected with a simple device with an error rate of 2% or less. For feasible applications, an experiment was performed to quantitatively analyze thrombin, a biomarker of heart disease. Results demonstrated that biomarkers could be more precisely detected using the proposed microchips than using micropipettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsu Kang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Sunghak Choi
- Center
for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South
Korea
| | - Keesung Kim
- Research
Inst. of Advanced Materials, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ho-Sup Jung
- Center
for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South
Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Kwak
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National
University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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21
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Muzammil I, Lee DH, Dinh DK, Kang H, Roh SA, Kim YN, Choi S, Jung C, Song YH. A novel energy efficient path for nitrogen fixation using a non-thermal arc. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12729-12738. [PMID: 35423796 PMCID: PMC8696960 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation is a promising sustainable and clean alternative to the classical Haber-Bosch process. However, the high energy consumption and low production rate of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation limit its application. This study shows that the non-thermal (non-equilibrium) enhancement of the arc plasma significantly reduces the energy consumption of nitrogen fixation. The highest energy efficiency with high NO selectivity is observed with a low specific energy input (SEI). However, the highest production rate is reached at a high SEI. The studied process offers high NO selectivity (up to 95%) with low energy consumption (∼48 GJ per tN) at 0.1 kJ L-1 SEI, which is much lower than the previously reported value of plasma-assisted atmospheric nitrogen fixation and is close to that of the Haber-Bosch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Muzammil
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Lee
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - Duy Khoe Dinh
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - Hongjae Kang
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - Seon Ah Roh
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - You-Na Kim
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - Seongil Choi
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - Chanmi Jung
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Song
- Department of Environmental and Energy Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon South Korea
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22
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Kim NW, Lee DG, Kim KS, Hur S. Effects of Curing Temperature on Bending Durability of Inkjet-Printed Flexible Silver Electrode. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E2463. [PMID: 33317076 PMCID: PMC7763182 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electrodes should have a good mechanical durability and electrical properties under even extreme bending and deformation conditions. We fabricated such an electrode using an inkjet printing system. In addition, annealing was perfo3rmed under curing temperatures of 150, 170, and 190 °C to improve the electrical resistance performance of the electrode. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, and surface profile measurements were performed to measure and analyze the electrode characteristics and the change in the shape of the coffee ring. The bending deformation behavior of the electrode was predicted by simulations. To confirm the bending durability of the flexible electrode according to different curing temperatures, the bending deformation and electrical resistance were simultaneously tested. It was found that the electrode cured at a temperature of 170 °C could endure 20,185 bending cycles and had the best durability, which was consistent with the predicted simulation results. Moreover, the average specific resistance before the electrode was disconnected was 13.45 μΩ cm, which is similar to the conventional electrode value. These results are expected to increase the durability and life of flexible electrodes, which can be used in flexible electronic devices, sensors, and wearable devices that are subjected to significant bending deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Woon Kim
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (N.W.K.); (D.-G.L.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Duck-Gyu Lee
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (N.W.K.); (D.-G.L.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kyung-Shik Kim
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (N.W.K.); (D.-G.L.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Shin Hur
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (N.W.K.); (D.-G.L.); (K.-S.K.)
- Department of Nano-Mechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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23
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Hong Y, Kim HS, Lee T, Lee G, Kwon O. Polyaniline Nanoskein: Synthetic Method, Characterization, and Redox Sensing. Nanoscale Res Lett 2020; 15:215. [PMID: 33185744 PMCID: PMC7666266 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline nanoskein (PANS), which have polyaniline nanofibers, was developed. PANS was formulated via sequential extracting, heating, and swelling processes. The compositions of PANS have been analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and the results of which indicate that PANS is composed of solely organic materials. Moreover, PANS has been shown convertible absorbance characteristics according to surrounding acidic environments, and using these characteristics, the possibility of PANS for sensing of surrounding redox state changes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoochan Hong
- Department of Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeha Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ohwon Kwon
- Department of Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daegu, 42994, Republic of Korea.
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Yao J, Lin F, Kim HS, Park J. The Effect of Oil Viscosity on Droplet Generation Rate and Droplet Size in a T-Junction Microfluidic Droplet Generator. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E808. [PMID: 31771159 PMCID: PMC6952800 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There have been growing interests in droplet-based microfluidics due to its capability to outperform conventional biological assays by providing various advantages, such as precise handling of liquid/cell samples, fast reaction time, and extremely high-throughput analysis/screening. The droplet-based microfluidics utilizes the interaction between the interfacial tension and the fluidic shear force to break continuous fluids into uniform-sized segments within a microchannel. In this paper, the effect of different viscosities of carrier oil on water-in-oil emulsion, particularly how droplet size and droplet generation rate are affected, has been investigated using a commonly used T-junction microfluidic droplet generator design connected to a pressure-controlled pump. We have tested mineral oils with four different viscosities (5, 7, 10, and 15 cSt) to compare the droplet generation under five different flow pressure conditions (i.e., water flow pressure of 30-150 mbar and oil flow pressure of 40-200 mbar). The results showed that regardless of the flow pressure levels, the droplet size decreased as the oil viscosity increased. Average size of the droplets decreased by approximately 32% when the viscosity of the oil changed from 5 to 15 cSt at the flow pressure of 30 mbar for water and 40 mbar for oil. Interestingly, a similar trend was observed in the droplet generation rate. Droplet generation rate and the oil viscosity showed high linear correlation (R2 = 0.9979) at the water flow pressure 30 mbar and oil flow pressure 40 mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Yao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices and Rehabilitation, Daegu 42994, Korea
| | - Jaewon Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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