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Rammos A, Sullivan SA, Kounali D, Jones HJ, Hammerton G, Hines LA, Lewis G, Jones PB, Cannon M, Thompson A, Wolke D, Heron J, Zammit S. Precursors and correlates of transient and persistent longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences from late childhood through early adulthood. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 220:1-9. [PMID: 35049488 PMCID: PMC7613036 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic experiences are reported by 5-10% of young people, although only a minority persist and develop into psychotic disorders. It is unclear what characteristics differentiate those with transient psychotic experiences from those with persistent psychotic experiences that are more likely to be of clinical relevance. AIMS To investigate how longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences, created from assessments at three different time points, are influenced by early life and co-occurring factors. METHOD Using data from 8045 individuals from a birth cohort study, longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences based on semi-structured interviews conducted at 12, 18 and 24 years were defined. Environmental, cognitive, psychopathological and genetic determinants of these profiles were investigated, along with concurrent changes in psychopathology and cognition. RESULTS Following multiple imputations, the distribution of longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences was none (65.7%), transient (24.1%), low-frequency persistent (8.4%) and high-frequency persistent (1.7%). Individuals with high-frequency persistent psychotic experiences were more likely to report traumatic experiences, other psychopathology, a more externalised locus of control, reduced emotional stability and conscientious personality traits in childhood, compared with those with transient psychotic experiences. These characteristics also differed between those who had any psychotic experiences and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the same risk factors are associated with incidence as with persistence of psychotic experiences. Thus, it might be that the severity of exposure, rather than the presence of specific disease-modifying factors, is most likely to determine whether psychotic experiences are transient or persist, and potentially develop into a clinical disorder over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Rammos
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Sarah A. Sullivan
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Daphne Kounali
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Hannah J. Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Lindsey A. Hines
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | - Jon Heron
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
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