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Holmes MA, Terhune CE, Chalk-Wilayto J, Yoakum CB, Taylor P, Ramirez R, Solís MP, Polvadore TA, Ross CF, Taylor AB, Fogaca MD, Laird MF. Ontogenetic changes in jaw leverage and skull shape in tufted and untufted capuchins. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21705. [PMID: 38704727 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The ontogeny of feeding is characterized by shifting functional demands concurrent with changes in craniofacial anatomy; relationships between these factors will look different in primates with disparate feeding behaviors during development. This study examines the ontogeny of skull morphology and jaw leverage in tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin monkeys. Unlike Cebus, Sapajus have a mechanically challenging diet and behavioral observations of juvenile Sapajus suggest these foods are exploited early in development. Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surface models of an ontogenetic series of Sapajus and Cebus skulls (n = 53) and used to generate shape data and jaw-leverage estimates across the tooth row for three jaw-closing muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid) as well as a weighted combined estimate. Using geometric morphometric methods, we found that skull shape diverges early and shape is significantly different between Sapajus and Cebus throughout ontogeny. Additionally, jaw leverage varies with age and position on the tooth row and is greater in Sapajus compared to Cebus when calculated at the permanent dentition. We used two-block partial least squares analyses to identify covariance between skull shape and each of our jaw muscle leverage estimates. Sapajus, but not Cebus, has significant covariance between all leverage estimates at the anterior dentition. Our findings show that Sapajus and Cebus exhibit distinct craniofacial morphologies early in ontogeny and strong covariance between leverage estimates and craniofacial shape in Sapajus. These results are consistent with prior behavioral and comparative work suggesting these differences are a function of selection for exploiting mechanically challenging foods in Sapajus, and further emphasize that these differences appear quite early in ontogeny. This research builds on prior work that has highlighted the importance of understanding ontogeny for interpreting adult morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janine Chalk-Wilayto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Caitlin B Yoakum
- Department of Anatomy, Arkansas College of Health Education, Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
| | - Parker Taylor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rocio Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan P Solís
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Taylor A Polvadore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | | | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lu J, Straub JS, Nowotarski MS, Han S, Xu X, Jerschow A. Spectroscopically dark phosphate features revealed by chemical exchange saturation transfer. NMR Biomed 2024; 37:e5057. [PMID: 37853675 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate is an essential anion in the human body, comprising approximately 1% of the total body weight, and playing a vital role in metabolism, cell membranes, and bone formation. We have recently provided spectroscopic, microscopic, and computational evidence indicating that phosphates can aggregate much more readily in solution than previously thought. This prior work provided indirect evidence through the observation of unusual31 P NMR relaxation and line-broadening effects with increasing temperature. Here, we show that, under conditions of slow exchange and selective RF saturation, additional features become visible in chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments, which appear to be related to the previously reported phosphate clustering. In particular, CEST shows pronounced dips several ppm upfield of the main phosphate resonance at low temperatures, while direct31 P spectroscopy does not produce any signals in that range. We study the pH dependence of these new spectroscopic features and present exchange and spectroscopic parameters based on fitting the CEST data. These findings could be of importance in the investigation of phosphate dynamics, especially in the biological milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Joshua S Straub
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Xiang Xu
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Matson JR, Alam MN, Varnavides G, Sohr P, Knight S, Darakchieva V, Stokey M, Schubert M, Said A, Beechem T, Narang P, Law S, Caldwell JD. The Role of Optical Phonon Confinement in the Infrared Dielectric Response of III-V Superlattices. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2305106. [PMID: 38039437 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Polar dielectrics are key materials of interest for infrared (IR) nanophotonic applications due to their ability to host phonon-polaritons that allow for low-loss, subdiffractional control of light. The properties of phonon-polaritons are limited by the characteristics of optical phonons, which are nominally fixed for most "bulk" materials. Superlattices composed of alternating atomically thin materials offer control over crystal anisotropy through changes in composition, optical phonon confinement, and the emergence of new modes. In particular, the modified optical phonons in superlattices offer the potential for so-called crystalline hybrids whose IR properties cannot be described as a simple mixture of the bulk constituents. To date, however, studies have primarily focused on identifying the presence of new or modified optical phonon modes rather than assessing their impact on the IR response. This study focuses on assessing the impact of confined optical phonon modes on the hybrid IR dielectric function in superlattices of GaSb and AlSb. Using a combination of first principles theory, Raman, FTIR, and spectroscopic ellipsometry, the hybrid dielectric function is found to track the confinement of optical phonons, leading to optical phonon spectral shifts of up to 20 cm-1 . These results provide an alternative pathway toward designer IR optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Matson
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Md Nazmul Alam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Georgios Varnavides
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Patrick Sohr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sean Knight
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Competence Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT - Janzèn, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Vanya Darakchieva
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Competence Center for III-Nitride Technology, C3NiT - Janzèn, Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
- Terahertz Materials Analysis Center (THeMAC), Linköping University, Linköping, 58183, Sweden
| | - Megan Stokey
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ayman Said
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Thomas Beechem
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Prineha Narang
- Physical Sciences Division, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
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Gonzalez DI, Ynalvez RA. Comparison of the effects of nitrogen-, sulfur- and combined nitrogen- and sulfur-deprivations on cell growth, lipid bodies and gene expressions in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc5373-sta6. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:35. [PMID: 37684579 PMCID: PMC10492388 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofuel research that aims to optimize growth conditions in microalgae is critically important. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green microalga that offers advantages for biofuel production research. This study compares the effects of nitrogen-, sulfur-, and nitrogen and sulfur- deprivations on the C. reinhardtii starchless mutant cc5373-sta6. Specifically, it compares growth, lipid body accumulation, and expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). RESULTS Among nutrient-deprived cells, TAP-S cells showed significantly higher total chlorophyll, cell density, and protein content at day 6 (p < 0.05). Confocal analysis showed a significantly higher number of lipid bodies in cells subjected to nutrient deprivation than in the control over the course of six days; N deprivation for six days significantly increased the size of lipid bodies (p < 0.01). In comparison with the control, significantly higher ACC expression was observed after 8 and 24 h of NS deprivation and only after 24 h with N deprivation. On the other hand, ACC and PEPC expression at 8 and 24 h of S deprivation was not significantly different from that in the control. A significantly lower PEPC expression was observed after 8 h of N and NS deprivation (p < 0.01), but a significantly higher PEPC expression was observed after 24 h (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, it would be optimum to cultivate cc5373-sta6 cells in nutrient deprived conditions (-N, -S or -NS) for four days; whereby there is cell growth, and both a high number of lipid bodies and a larger size of lipid bodies produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Science, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Ruby A Ynalvez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, 5201 University Blvd, Laredo, TX, 78041, USA.
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Koley S, Chu KL, Mukherjee T, Morley SA, Klebanovych A, Czymmek KJ, Allen DK. Metabolic synergy in Camelina reproductive tissues for seed development. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo7683. [PMID: 36306367 PMCID: PMC9616503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in fruits is well documented, but its contribution to seed development and yield remains largely unquantified. In oilseeds, the pods are green and elevated with direct access to sunlight. With 13C labeling in planta and through an intact pod labeling system, a unique multi-tissue comprehensive flux model mechanistically described how pods assimilate up to one-half (33 to 45%) of seed carbon by proximal photosynthesis in Camelina sativa. By capturing integrated tissue metabolism, the studies reveal the contribution of plant architecture beyond leaves, to enable seed filling and maximize the number of viable seeds. The latent capacity of the pod wall in the absence of leaves contributes approximately 79% of seed biomass, supporting greater seed sink capacity and higher theoretical yields that suggest an opportunity for crop productivity gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L. Chu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Stewart A. Morley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Doug K. Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Kalis AK, Sterrett MC, Armstrong C, Ballmer A, Burkstrand K, Chilson E, Emlen E, Ferrer E, Loeb S, Olin T, Tran K, Wheeler A, Ross Wolff J. Hox proteins interact to pattern neuronal subtypes in Caenorhabditis elegans males. Genetics 2022; 220:iyac010. [PMID: 35137058 PMCID: PMC8982040 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox transcription factors are conserved regulators of neuronal subtype specification on the anteroposterior axis in animals, with disruption of Hox gene expression leading to homeotic transformations of neuronal identities. We have taken advantage of an unusual mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans Hox gene lin-39, lin-39(ccc16), which transforms neuronal fates in the C. elegans male ventral nerve cord in a manner that depends on a second Hox gene, mab-5. We have performed a genetic analysis centered around this homeotic allele of lin-39 in conjunction with reporters for neuronal target genes and protein interaction assays to explore how LIN-39 and MAB-5 exert both flexibility and specificity in target regulation. We identify cis-regulatory modules in neuronal reporters that are both region-specific and Hox-responsive. Using these reporters of neuronal subtype, we also find that the lin-39(ccc16) mutation disrupts neuronal fates specifically in the region where lin-39 and mab-5 are coexpressed, and that the protein encoded by lin-39(ccc16) is active only in the absence of mab-5. Moreover, the fates of neurons typical to the region of lin-39-mab-5 coexpression depend on both Hox genes. Our genetic analysis, along with evidence from Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation protein interaction assays, supports a model in which LIN-39 and MAB-5 act at an array of cis-regulatory modules to cooperatively activate and to individually activate or repress neuronal gene expression, resulting in regionally specific neuronal fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Kalis
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Maria C Sterrett
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Cecily Armstrong
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | | | - Kylie Burkstrand
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chilson
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Estee Emlen
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Emma Ferrer
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Seanna Loeb
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Taylor Olin
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Kevin Tran
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Andrew Wheeler
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
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