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Xu P, Tripathi P, Mishra S, Shu L, Li X, Zhao S, Verma S, Verma R, Wu Y, Yang Z. Brown sugar as a carbon source can make agricultural organic waste compost enter the secondary thermophilic stage and promote compost decomposition. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:113. [PMID: 38180589 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the efficiency of composting agricultural organic waste (AOW), this study aimed to examine the impact of inoculating tomato straw compost with two distinct microbial agents: ZymoZone (ZZ), a composite microbial agent derived from the straw compost and Effective Microorganisms (EM), a commercial microbial agent. Furthermore, in order to reactivate the microorganisms within the compost during the initial high temperature phase, 10% brown sugar was introduced as a carbon source. The objective of this addition was to assess its influence on the composting process. The findings revealed that compared to the control (CK) group, the ZZ and EM treatments extended the first high-temperature phase by 2 and 1 day, respectively. Furthermore, with the addition of 10% brown sugar, the ZZ and EM treatments remained in the second high-temperature phase for 8 and 7 days, respectively, while the CK treatment had already entered the cooling stage by then. Notably, the inoculation of microbial agents and the addition of brown sugar substantially augmented the activity of lignocellulose-related hydrolases, thereby promoting the degradation of lignocellulose in the ZZ and EM treatment groups. This was confirmed by FTIR analysis, which demonstrated that the addition of microbial agents facilitated the degradation of specific substances, leading to reduced absorbance in the corresponding spectra. XRD analysis further indicated a notable reduction in cellulose crystallinity for both the ZZ (8.00%) and EM (7.73%) treatments. Hence, the incorporation of microbial agents and brown sugar in tomato straw compost effectively enhances the composting process and improves the quality of compost products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Priyanka Tripathi
- School of Chemistry, Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, India, 485001
| | - Sita Mishra
- School of Botany, Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, India, 485001
| | - Luolin Shu
- School of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiwen Zhao
- School of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sakshi Verma
- School of Food Technology, Amicable Knowledge Solution University, Satna, India, 485001
| | - Ranjeet Verma
- School of Agriculture Engineering, Amicable Knowledge Solution University, Satna, India, 485001
| | - Yongjun Wu
- School of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhenchao Yang
- School of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Xuan C, Feng M, Li X, Hou Y, Wei C, Zhang X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Chitinase Genes in Watermelon under Abiotic Stimuli and Fusarium oxysporum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:638. [PMID: 38203810 PMCID: PMC10779513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitinases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin, the primary components of fungal cell walls, play key roles in defense responses, symbiotic associations, plant growth, and stress tolerance. In this study, 23 chitinase genes were identified in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.]) and classified into five classes through homology search and phylogenetic analysis. The genes with similar exon-intron structures and conserved domains were clustered into the same class. The putative cis-elements involved in the responses to phytohormone, stress, and plant development were identified in their promoter regions. A tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the ClChi genes were primarily expressed in the roots (52.17%), leaves (26.09%), and flowers (34.78%). Moreover, qRT-PCR results indicate that ClChis play multifaceted roles in the interaction between plant/environment. More ClChi members were induced by Race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and eight genes were expressed at higher levels on the seventh day after inoculation with Races 1 and 2, suggesting that these genes play a key role in the resistance of watermelon to Fusarium wilt. Collectively, these results improve knowledge of the chitinase gene family in watermelon species and help to elucidate the roles played by chitinases in the responses of watermelon to various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengjiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yinjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
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Cao X, Huang M, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yang H, Quan F. Immunogenicity Analysis of PCV3 Recombinant Capsid Protein Virus-like Particles and Their Application in Antibodies Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10377. [PMID: 37373524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 is a newly emerging pathogen of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD). Currently, there is no commercially available vaccine, resulting in huge economic losses to the pig industry. Porcine circovirus type 3 capsid protein (Cap) can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs). Therefore, the expression of the recombinant Cap protein is of great significance for the prevention, diagnosis and control of porcine circovirus type 3 associated diseases. In this study, the recombinant Cap protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli by deleting the nuclear localization sequence (NLS). The VLPs were observed by transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate the immunogenicity of the recombinant Cap protein, mice were immunized. As a result, the recombinant Cap protein can induce higher levels of humoral and cellular immune responses. A VLP-based ELISA method was developed for the detection of antibodies. The established ELISA method has good sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and clinical applicability. These results demonstrate the successful expression of the PCV3 recombinant Cap protein and the preparation of recombinant Cap protein VLPs, which can be used for the preparation of subunit vaccines. Meanwhile, the established I-ELISA method lays a foundation for the development of the commercial PCV3 serological antibody detection kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Min Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanzhi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanwen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
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Li D, Guo J, Ma H, Pei L, Liu X, Wang H, Chen R, Zhao Z, Gao H. Changes in the VOC of Fruits at Different Refrigeration Stages of 'Ruixue' and the Participation of Carboxylesterase MdCXE20 in the Catabolism of Volatile Esters. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101977. [PMID: 37238795 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroma is a crucial quality attribute of apple fruit, which significantly impacts its commercial value and consumer choice. Despite its importance the volatile aroma substances produced by the new variety 'Ruixue' after harvest remain unclear. In this study, we utilized headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to investigate the changes in volatile substances, fruit hardness, crispness, and related aroma synthase activity of commercially mature 'Ruixue' apples during cold storage. Our findings revealed a gradual decline in fruit firmness and brittleness of 'Ruixue' apples during cold storage, with hexyl acetate, hexyl caproate, and hexyl thiocyanate being the main hexyl esters detected. To gain a better understanding of the metabolic pathway of esters, we identified 42 MdCXE gene members that are associated with ester degradation. Through RT-qPCR analysis, we discovered that carboxylesterase MdCXE20 exhibited higher expression levels compared to other MdCXE genes during cold storage. To confirm the role of MdCXE20, we conducted a transient injection of apple fruits and observed that overexpression of MdCXE20 led to the degradation of esters such as hexyl hexanoate, butyl hexanoate, butyl 2-methylbutyrate, hexyl butyrate, and hexyl 2-methylbutyrate. The results of the study showed that the virus-induced gene silencing of MdCXE20 found the opposite results. Additionally, the esters of OE-MdCXE20 callus showed a lower content of ester VOC than the control callus, according to the homologous stable transformation of 'Wanglin' callus. Overall, these findings suggest that the MdCXE20 gene plays a crucial role in the decrease of esters in 'Ruixue' apples, which ultimately affects their flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hai Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Linna Pei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Rongxin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hua Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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